{"id":10789,"date":"2017-12-19T01:53:03","date_gmt":"2017-12-19T01:53:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=10789"},"modified":"2017-12-20T02:00:03","modified_gmt":"2017-12-20T02:00:03","slug":"market-bubbles-and-sonic-attacks-mass-hysterias-will-never-go-away","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/market-bubbles-and-sonic-attacks-mass-hysterias-will-never-go-away\/","title":{"rendered":"Market bubbles and sonic attacks: Mass hysterias will never go away"},"content":{"rendered":"

Barry Markovsky<\/a>, University of South Carolina<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ancient and quaint seem the days of witch crazes, demon scares and tulip manias<\/a>. Instances of mass hysteria<\/a> may strike you as rare events in modern advanced societies. But such outbreaks are products of their times. They\u2019re still around today, just in different guises. <\/p>\n

Aided and abetted by its status as an internet meme, the myth of an evil, supernatural Slenderman<\/a> has been panicking adolescents<\/a> since 2009, even culminating in an attempted murder by proxy. If it\u2019s easy to brush this off as a case of impressionable teens with too much internet access, then what of otherwise rational late 20th-century American adults participating<\/a> in suicide cults<\/a>, Puerto Rico\u2019s mythical cattle-killing Chupacabra monster<\/a>, the \u201cirrational exuberance<\/a>\u201d of the dot-com bubble in the 1990s, or the seemingly insane rush to make bad real estate investments<\/a> in the latter 2000s? <\/p>\n

As this article is being written, the U.S. is embroiled in a diplomatic dustup with Cuba that has all the classic symptoms of a collective delusion. The U.S. State Department claims its diplomats in Havana were subjected to \u201csonic attacks\u201d that produced a range of physical symptoms including hearing loss, headaches and dizziness. Consequently, the State Department pulled out<\/a> most of its embassy staff and sent packing most Cuban diplomats stationed in the U.S. Although post-hoc medical exams have identified unusual physical conditions<\/a> in some diplomats, there is still no direct evidence tying them to the alleged sonic attacks<\/a>. Moreover, the political timing, logistical demands and absence of a plausible technology put the likelihood of the attacks at virtually zero.<\/p>\n

So how do otherwise logical and informed 21st-century people fall under the spell of these mass delusions? Over the past several decades, psychologists and sociologists have used examples like these to dig into when and how this kind of false belief gains traction.<\/p>\n

\n \"\"<\/a>
\n One of the most famous mass delusions in America led to the Salem witch trials in 17th-century Massachusetts.<\/span>
\n Joseph E. Baker, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A recipe for collective delusion<\/h2>\n

Collective delusions are the culprits behind mass hysterias and related phenomena. As traditionally defined, they\u2019re characterized<\/a> by a rapid, spontaneous and temporary spread of false beliefs within a circumscribed population.<\/p>\n

Nowadays that circumscribed population can be a virtual one, bounded only by cyberconnections to a shared source of misinformation. The recent upsurge in vocal flat-Earth proponents, for example, is not the result of geographical neighbors whipping each other into a near frenzy. Social media makes it easy<\/a> to find like-minded others, serve distorted information to the curious, and stir up excitement about events such as the 2017 eclipse, celebrity endorsements, and a proposed rocket launch by a flat-Earth proponent<\/a> intended to prove once and for all that we are all living on a disc.<\/p>\n

Collective delusions emerge under a combination of several conditions. Each of these precursors is straightforward enough, but it\u2019s harder to foresee when they might occur in concert. In turn, this makes predicting delusional outbreaks a very inexact science.<\/p>\n

The most obvious precursor is the presence of multiple people who are sufficiently connected so as to share information or experiences. <\/p>\n

\n \"\"<\/a>
\n In 1978, Rev. Jim Jones orchestrated a ritual of mass murder and suicide of his followers, isolated in Jonestown, Guyana.<\/span>
\n AP Photo\/File<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Second, just as an isolated individual may develop some beliefs and behaviors that depart from prevailing norms, collective delusions and responses are more likely to occur in relatively insular groups or networks. <\/p>\n

Third, a collective delusion is more likely to take hold if the group is undergoing some kind of distress. This could be rising unemployment, political destabilization or an enemy\u2019s threats of warfare. On a smaller scale, a town may lose a crucial employer, or a fire-and-brimstone minister can instigate a satanic panic with rumors of baby-killing cults. <\/p>\n

And fourth, the stressors are potent enough to trigger, in at least some individuals, either a psychosomatic response<\/a> or scapegoating behavior<\/a>. Psychosomatic reactions \u2013 physical symptoms with psychological causes \u2013 may be as mild as itching or as severe as blindness. Scapegoating involves blaming a group of innocent (or possibly nonexistent) others for causing problems \u2013 psychosomatic or otherwise. <\/p>\n

When conditions are ripe, this catalyzing subset of group members sets off a chain reaction<\/a>. They begin to seek and identify external causes for their distress, or sources for its relief. Psychosomatic responses spread; contempt for the scapegoats grows. People become hypervigilant and toss critical thinking out the window, looking for and finding imagined threats. Conspiracy theories are spawned, angels and demons invoked, fears stoked, panic induced. The supernatural may start to seem natural.<\/p>\n

As more and more group members become ensnared in a positive feedback loop, the perceived threat is legitimized, only broadening and deepening social distress further. Because they are inherently newsworthy, mass delusions are picked up by mass media which fan the flames<\/a> even more.<\/p>\n

In these ways, a nonexistent threat can set off a self-sustaining cascade of irrationality that lasts until the perceived threat recedes.<\/p>\n

\n \"\"<\/a>
\n Will they look back and wonder what they were thinking?<\/span>
\n Jacob Ehnmark<\/a>, CC BY<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Delusion everywhere, to different degrees?<\/h2>\n

While descriptions of mass hysterias make great reading, they represent only the far end of a continuum of what sociologists like me call social diffusion processes. For the most part, these are quite mundane \u2013 you might recognize a few from your own daily life. While around the world stock market bubbles and bank runs make news, less frenetic responses to perceived threats and conspiracies abound: the 9\/11 \u201ctruthers<\/a>,\u201d the recent uptick in flat-Earth beliefs<\/a>, fears of gluten<\/a> and genetically modified foods<\/a>, climate change deniers<\/a>, wars on science<\/a> on some liberal college campuses, and more. Even the desire to be fashionable<\/a> can be seen as a response to the fear of being excluded. <\/p>\n

Simple mathematical equations<\/a> can quite elegantly describe the speed, duration and extensiveness of the spread of beliefs and behaviors. A typical \u201cdiffusion model\u201d shows how the penetration through a population of such things as beliefs, behaviors, illnesses, innovations or products is determined by just a few parameters. These typically include the group\u2019s size, the density of its members\u2019 interconnections and the inherent contagiousness of the thing being spread.<\/p>\n

Irrational beliefs, and the often ill-considered responses they engender, can spread like an infection across groups as large as nations or as small as nuclear families. Sunshine, as they say, is the best disinfectant. Social impact theory<\/a> would suggest that the best approach to administering social disinfectant is via large numbers of geographically nearby, authoritative nonbelievers.<\/p>\n

In the case of the supposed sonic attacks in Cuba, one approach to stemming the scare would be a rapidly deployed on-site investigation by acoustic experts, neurologists, psychiatrists and military strategists. A folklorist as well wouldn\u2019t hurt. Short of such a full-frontal counterattack, disseminating easy-to-digest skeptical information as early as possible in the process would help to slow the diffusion process and quell the mass delusion.<\/p>\n

\"TheIt\u2019s easy enough to be caught up in a mass delusion. Fads and fashions are great examples, though their most harmful consequence may be our embarrassment when we look back on some of our previous style choices. As long as people are stressed and living in groups, most of our mass delusions will remain invisible to us until they have already run their course.<\/p>\n

Barry Markovsky<\/a>, Professor of Sociology, University of South Carolina<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Barry Markovsky, University of South Carolina Ancient and quaint seem the days of witch crazes, demon scares and tulip manias. Instances of mass hysteria may strike you as rare events in modern advanced societies. But such outbreaks are products of their times. They\u2019re still around today, just in different guises. Aided and abetted by its […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":10790,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3410],"tags":[3732,3731,1617,3730,1523,228,3733,3734,2086],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10789"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10791,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10789\/revisions\/10791"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}