{"id":11439,"date":"2018-02-25T03:35:44","date_gmt":"2018-02-25T03:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=11439"},"modified":"2018-02-26T03:39:15","modified_gmt":"2018-02-26T03:39:15","slug":"the-nras-journey-from-marksmanship-to-political-brinkmanship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/the-nras-journey-from-marksmanship-to-political-brinkmanship\/","title":{"rendered":"The NRA&#8217;s journey from marksmanship to political brinkmanship"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/robert-spitzer-446341\">Robert Spitzer<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/state-university-of-new-york-college-at-cortland-3383\"> State University of New York College at Cortland <\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The mass shooting on Valentine\u2019s Day in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2018\/2\/15\/17017342\/parkland-florida-school-mass-shooting\">Parkland, Florida<\/a>, ripped at the hearts of Americans in a way perhaps not seen or felt since the Sandy Hook Elementary School bloodshed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/tags\/167321900\/sandy-hook-elementary-school\">Newtown, Connecticut<\/a> six years earlier.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/how-parkland-students-are-using-social-media-keep-gun-control-n850251\">Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School students<\/a> who witnessed their classmates\u2019 deaths reacted by becoming outspoken gun control advocates. They are blaming the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2018\/2\/19\/17027250\/march-protests-guns-florida-shooting\">National Rifle Association<\/a> for thwarting <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/0ByoyLoSA8QKpUDU4NU5wQ2dTTlE\/view\">stronger gun laws<\/a> that might have prevented this tragedy and many others. Many Americans, <a href=\"https:\/\/wtop.com\/dc\/2018\/02\/teens-calling-tighter-gun-control-demonstrate-front-white-house\/slide\/1\/\">especially teens<\/a>, agree with them.<\/p>\n<p>But so far, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/02\/22\/politics\/wayne-lapierre-cpac-speech-nra\/index.html\">the largest and oldest U.S. gun group is doubling down<\/a> on its sweeping opposition to restrictions on gun ownership.<\/p>\n<p>After spending decades researching and writing about <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/robertspitzercortland\/books\">how and why the NRA came to hold such sway<\/a> over <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/guns-across-america-9780190228583?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;#\">national gun policies<\/a>, I believe it might not be as invincible at this point in its history as the interest group\u2019s reputation suggests.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/207703\/original\/file-20180223-108122-1kqtygz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/207703\/original\/file-20180223-108122-1kqtygz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">People delivered boxes of petitions calling for stronger gun control rules to Florida Gov. Rick Scott after the mass shooting in Parkland, Florida.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/School-Shooting-Florida\/84fa0b8eb9524087bc70cd6ec95e2273\/10\/0\">AP Photo\/Gerald Herbert<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Three phases<\/h2>\n<p>The NRA\u2019s nearly 150-year history spans three distinct eras.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/4106381\/nra-1871-history\/\">At first<\/a> the group was mainly concerned with marksmanship. It later played a relatively constructive role regarding safety-minded gun ownership restrictions before turning into a rigid politicized force.<\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7460CZcGJRY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">NPR\u2019s Ron Elving recounts the NRA\u2019s history.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/ftwny.com\/the-nra\/\">NRA was formed in 1871<\/a> by two <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/4106381\/nra-1871-history\/\">Civil War veterans<\/a> from Northern states who had witnessed the typical soldier\u2019s inability to handle guns. <\/p>\n<p>The organization initially leaned on government support, including subsidies for shooting matches and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/10\/10\/556578593\/the-nra-wasnt-always-against-gun-restrictions\">surplus weaponry<\/a>. These  freebies, which lasted until the 1970s, gave gun enthusiasts a powerful incentive to join the NRA.<\/p>\n<p>The NRA played a role in fledgling political efforts to formulate state and national gun policy in the 1920s and 1930s after the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2016\/06\/30\/484215890\/prohibition-era-gang-violence-spurred-congress-to-pass-first-gun-law\">Prohibition-era liquor trafficking<\/a> stoked gang warfare. It backed measures like requiring a permit to carry a gun and even a gun-purchase waiting period. <\/p>\n<p>And the NRA helped shape the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atf.gov\/rules-and-regulations\/national-firearms-act\">National Firearms Act of 1934<\/a>, with two of its leaders testifying before Congress at length regarding this landmark legislation. They supported its main provisions, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/4431356\/nra-gun-control-history\/\">restricting gangster weapons<\/a> by creating a national registry for machine guns and sawed-off shotguns and taxing them heavily. But they opposed handgun registration, which didn\u2019t make it into the nation\u2019s first significant national gun law.<\/p>\n<p>The NRA again opposed a national registry provision that would have applied to all firearms, in the legislative battle held in the aftermath of <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/4431356\/nra-gun-control-history\/\">President John F. Kennedy\u2019s assassination<\/a> and amid rising concerns about crime. Congress ultimately stripped one from the <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/GunControlActOf1968PubLaw9061882StatPg1213\/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968_Pub_Law_90-618_82_Stat_Pg_1213_djvu.txt\">Gun Control Act of 1968<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>The NRA remained primarily focused throughout this period, however, on marksmanship, hunting and other recreational activities.<\/p>\n<h2>A sharp right turn<\/h2>\n<p>By the mid-1970s, a dissident group within the NRA believed that the organization was losing the national debate over guns by being too defensive and not political enough. The dispute erupted at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/10\/10\/556578593\/the-nra-wasnt-always-against-gun-restrictions\">NRA\u2019s 1977 annual convention<\/a>, where the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/the-teen-killer-who-radicalized-the-nra\">dissidents deposed the old guard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>From this point forward, the NRA became ever more political and strident in its defense of so-called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/itsallpolitics\/2013\/02\/26\/172882077\/loaded-words-how-language-shapes-the-gun-debate\">gun rights<\/a>,\u201d which it increasingly defined as nearly absolute under the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-the-2nd-amendment-and-how-does-it-impact-us-gun-control-61068\">Second Amendment<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>One sign of how much the NRA had changed: The <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=4825&amp;context=lcp\">Second Amendment<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.stjohns.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1311&amp;context=lawreview\">right to bear arms<\/a> never came up in the 166 pages of congressional testimony regarding the 1934 gun law. Today, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2017\/10\/12\/16418524\/us-gun-policy-nra\">organization treats those words as its mantra<\/a>, constantly citing them. <\/p>\n<p>And until the mid-1970s, the NRA supported waiting periods for handgun purchases. Since then, however, it has opposed them. It fought vehemently against the ultimately successful enactment of a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/brady-bill-signed-into-law\">five-business-day waiting period and background checks<\/a> for handgun purchases in 1993.<\/p>\n<p>NRA influence hit a zenith during <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/gun-rights-under-president-george-w-bush-721332\">George W. Bush\u2019s gun-friendly presidency<\/a>, which embraced the group\u2019s positions. Among other things, his administration let the assault-weapon ban expire.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/207702\/original\/file-20180223-108119-4doww7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/207702\/original\/file-20180223-108119-4doww7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The audience for President Donald Trump\u2019s address to the National Rifle Association Leadership Forum in 2017.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Trump-NRA\/bfef149b76bb497b95c4b293a347f7fa\/60\/0\">AP Photo\/Evan Vucci<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Having a White House ally isn\u2019t everything<\/h2>\n<p>Today, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nraila.org\/articles\/20170707\/remarkable-finding-from-pew-survey\">NRA claims 5 million dues-paying members<\/a> and the Pew Research Center\u2019s findings suggest that about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/06\/22\/key-takeaways-on-americans-views-of-guns-and-gun-ownership\/\">14 million people identify with the group<\/a>. By any measure it\u2019s a small minority of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/05\/15\/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries\/\">nearly 250 million U.S. voters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Like Bush, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2016\/05\/nra-donald-trump-endorsement-backlash-223442\">Donald Trump<\/a> has a cozy relationship with the NRA, which was among his presidential bid\u2019s most enthusiastic backers and contributed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/summary.php?id=d000000082\">$31 million to his presidential campaign<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>When Trump directed the Justice Department to draft a rule banning bump stocks, and indicated his belated support for improving background checks for gun purchases after the Parkland shooting, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/02\/21\/trump-pushes-for-tighter-gun-rules-backed-by-nra-after-florida-shooting.html\">he was sticking with NRA-approved positions<\/a>. He also supports <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/politics-news\/trump-defends-arming-teachers-protect-students-sicko-shooter-n850216\">arming teachers<\/a>, another NRA proposal.<\/p>\n<p>Only one sliver of light has emerged between the Trump administration and the NRA: his apparent willingness to consider <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-guns-white-house\/age-limit-for-buying-ar-15-assault-rifle-on-the-table-white-house-idUSKCN1G42SR\">raising the minimum age to buy assault weapons<\/a> from 18 to 21. <\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" lang=\"en\"><p>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/966681883206668289\"><\/a>\n           <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>          <script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In politics, victory usually belongs to whoever shows up. And by showing up, the NRA has managed to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/5-years-after-newtown-gun-control-groups-still-looking-big-n829871\">strangle every federal effort to restrict guns<\/a> since the Newtown shooting.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, the NRA does not always win. At least 25 states had <a href=\"https:\/\/momsdemandaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Moms_5Year_Memo_120117A.pdf\">enacted their own new gun regulations<\/a> within five years of that tragedy.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/92160\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>Led by the Parkland shooting\u2019s survivors, students are now commanding public attention with their call for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc-clio.com\/ABC-CLIOCorporate\/product.aspx?pc=B4102C\">tougher gun laws<\/a>. The key question is whether this momentum will continue through the 2018 midterm elections. If it does, the NRA might have to regroup again.<\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ob48twC1yf8?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Parkland, Florida, teens Emma Gonzalez, Cameron Kasky and Jaclyn Corin talked about the tragedy at their school and their subsequent gun control efforts on Ellen DeGeneres\u2019 TV show.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/robert-spitzer-446341\">Robert Spitzer<\/a>, Distinguished Service Professor and Chair of the Political Science Department, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/state-university-of-new-york-college-at-cortland-3383\"> State University of New York College at Cortland <\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-nras-journey-from-marksmanship-to-political-brinkmanship-92160\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert Spitzer, State University of New York College at Cortland The mass shooting on Valentine\u2019s Day in Parkland, Florida, ripped at the hearts of Americans in a way perhaps not seen or felt since the Sandy Hook Elementary School bloodshed in Newtown, Connecticut six years earlier. The Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School students who witnessed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":11440,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[3181,3252,4050,3320,4064,3050,4052,4088,4041],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11439"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11439"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11441,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11439\/revisions\/11441"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11439"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}