{"id":11898,"date":"2018-04-18T03:01:26","date_gmt":"2018-04-18T03:01:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=11898"},"modified":"2018-04-20T03:24:15","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T03:24:15","slug":"your-next-pilot-could-be-drone-software","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/your-next-pilot-could-be-drone-software\/","title":{"rendered":"Your next pilot could be drone software"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jeremy-straub-312014\">Jeremy Straub<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/north-dakota-state-university-823\">North Dakota State University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Would you get on a plane that didn\u2019t have a human pilot in the cockpit? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2017\/aug\/07\/air-passengers-pilotless-planes-fares-ubs\/\">Half of air travelers<\/a> surveyed in 2017 said they would not, even if the ticket was cheaper. Modern pilots do such a good job that almost any air accident is big news, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2018\/04\/how-a-cracked-fan-blade-probably-ended-a-decade-of-no-us-air-travel-fatalities\/\">Southwest engine disintegration<\/a> on April 17.<\/p>\n<p>But stories of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1990\/08\/21\/us\/northwest-pilots-are-found-guilty-of-drunken-flying.html\">pilot drunkenness<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/news\/national\/united-pilot-kicked-flight-rant-divorce-politics-article-1.2970358\">rants<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/dr-gridlock\/wp\/2017\/04\/29\/delta-says-pilot-who-struck-a-passenger-was-trying-to-break-up-a-fight\/\">fights<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Travel\/northwest-airlines-pilots-miss-airport-150-miles\/story?id=8892976\">distraction<\/a>, however rare, are reminders that pilots are only human. Not every plane can be flown by a disaster-averting pilot, like Southwest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/how-veteran-fighter-pilot-tammy-jo-shults-saved-crippled-southwest-flight-1380\">Capt. Tammie Jo Shults<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/28678669\/ns\/us_news-life\/t\/ny-jet-crash-called-miracle-hudson\/\">Capt. Chesley \u201cSully\u201d Sullenberger<\/a>. But software could change that, equipping every plane with an extremely experienced guidance system that is always learning more.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, on many flights, autopilot systems already control the plane for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2015\/03\/26\/autopilot-what-the-system-can-and-cant-do.html\">basically all of the flight<\/a>. And software handles <a href=\"http:\/\/aviationweek.com\/business-aviation\/going-blind-zerozero-landings\">the most harrowing landings<\/a> \u2013 when there is no visibility and the pilot can\u2019t see anything to even know where he or she is. But human pilots are still on hand as backups.<\/p>\n<p>A new generation of software pilots, developed for self-flying vehicles, or drones, will soon have logged more flying hours than all humans have \u2013 ever. By combining their enormous amounts of flight data and experience, drone-control software applications are poised to quickly become the world\u2019s most experienced pilots.<\/p>\n<h2>Drones that fly themselves<\/h2>\n<p>Drones come in many forms, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/best-toy-drones\/\">tiny quad-rotor copter toys<\/a> to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/104470\/mq-9-reaper\/\">missile-firing winged planes<\/a>, or even <a href=\"http:\/\/www.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/104516\/rq-4-global-hawk\/\">7-ton aircraft<\/a> that can stay aloft for 34 hours at a stretch. <\/p>\n<p>When drones were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/brief-history-drones\/\">first introduced<\/a>, they were <a href=\"https:\/\/breakingdefense.com\/2018\/03\/predator-started-drone-revolution-and-made-military-innovation-cool\/\">flown remotely<\/a> by human operators. However, this merely substitutes a pilot on the ground for one aloft. And it <a href=\"https:\/\/breakingdefense.com\/2018\/03\/predator-started-drone-revolution-and-made-military-innovation-cool\/\">requires significant communications bandwidth<\/a> between the drone and control center, to carry real-time video from the drone and to transmit the operator\u2019s commands. <\/p>\n<p>Many newer drones no longer need pilots; some drones for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dronezon.com\/drone-reviews\/drone-gps-autopilot-at-very-affordable-prices\/\">hobbyists and photographers<\/a> can now <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dronezon.com\/drone-reviews\/drone-gps-autopilot-at-very-affordable-prices\/\">fly themselves<\/a> along <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dronezon.com\/drone-reviews\/drone-gps-autopilot-at-very-affordable-prices\/\">human-defined routes<\/a>, leaving the human free to sightsee \u2013 or control the camera to get the best view.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/automaton\/robotics\/drones\/this-autonomous-quadrotor-swarm-doesnt-need-gps\">University researchers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/capital-projects-and-infrastructure\/our-insights\/commercial-drones-are-here-the-future-of-unmanned-aerial-systems\">businesses<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/2017\/Also-in-2017\/autonomous-military-drones-no-longer-science-fiction\/EN\/index.htm\">military agencies<\/a> are now testing larger and more capable drones that will operate autonomously. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.popularmechanics.com\/military\/aviation\/a24675\/pentagon-autonomous-swarming-drones\/\">Swarms of drones<\/a> can fly without needing tens or hundreds of humans to control them. And they can perform <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/60-minutes-autonomous-drones-set-to-revolutionize-military-technology\/\">coordinated maneuvers<\/a> that human controllers could never handle.<\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/waeXQwnkYAc?wmode=transparent&amp;start=121\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Could humans control these 1,218 drones all together?<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Whether flying in swarms or alone, the software that controls these drones is rapidly gaining flight experience. <\/p>\n<h2>Importance of pilot experience<\/h2>\n<p>Experience is the main qualification for pilots. Even a person who wants to fly a small plane for personal and noncommercial use needs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.firstflight.com\/private-pilot-requirements\/\">40 hours<\/a> of flying instruction before getting a private pilot\u2019s license. Commercial airline pilots must have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flyingmag.com\/training\/getting-your-atp-certificate\">at least 1,000 hours<\/a> before even serving as a co-pilot. <\/p>\n<p>On-the-ground training and in-flight experience prepare pilots for unusual and emergency scenarios, ideally to help save lives in situations like the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/28678669\/ns\/us_news-life\/t\/ny-jet-crash-called-miracle-hudson\/\">Miracle on the Hudson<\/a>.\u201d But many pilots are less experienced than \u201cSully\u201d Sullenberger, who saved his planeload of people with quick and creative thinking. With software, though, every plane can have on board a pilot with as much experience \u2013 if not more. A popular software pilot system, in use in many aircraft at once, could gain more flight time each day than a single human might <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/cgi-bin\/text-idx?SID=1e483077c0bff7e356d8aece28712f40&amp;node=14:3.0.1.1.7.17.3.2&amp;rgn=div8\">accumulate in a year<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>As someone who studies <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2013.12.004\">technology policy<\/a> as well as the use of artificial intelligence for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AERO.2016.7500814\">drones<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SYSOSE.2017.7994957\">cars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0952813X.2015.1020569\">robots<\/a> and other uses, I don\u2019t lightly suggest handing over the controls for those additional tasks. But giving software pilots more control would maximize computers\u2019 advantages over humans in training, testing and reliability.<\/p>\n<h2>Training and testing software pilots<\/h2>\n<p>Unlike people, computers will follow sets of instructions in software the same way every time. That lets developers create instructions, test reactions and refine aircraft responses. Testing could make it far less likely, for example, that a computer would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2012\/04\/17\/travel\/canada-disoriented-pilot\/index.html\">mistake the planet Venus for an oncoming jet<\/a>  and throw the plane into a steep dive to avoid it. <\/p>\n<p>The most significant advantage is scale: Rather than teaching thousands of individual pilots new skills, updating thousands of aircraft would require only downloading updated software.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/212492\/original\/file-20180328-109169-eq9rxd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/212492\/original\/file-20180328-109169-eq9rxd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">US Airways Flight 1549 passengers evacuate in the water after an emergency landing.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Miracle-on-the-Hudson-Bird-Strikes\/876999a8e670497ca7299e9d137c9109\/1\/0\">AP Photo\/Bebeto Matthews<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>These systems would also need to be thoroughly tested \u2013 in both real-life situations and in <a href=\"http:\/\/mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/2\/2\/67\">simulations<\/a> \u2013 to handle a wide range of aviation situations and to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/can-you-be-hacked-by-the-world-around-you-83195\">withstand cyberattacks<\/a>. But once they\u2019re working well, software pilots are not susceptible to distraction, disorientation, fatigue or other human impairments that can create problems or cause errors even in common situations.<\/p>\n<h2>Rapid response and adaptation<\/h2>\n<p>Already, aircraft regulators are concerned that human pilots are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.popularmechanics.com\/flight\/a18951\/department-of-transportation-report-pilots-are-forgetting-how-to-fly-manually\/\">forgetting how to fly<\/a> on their own and may have trouble taking over from an autopilot in an emergency.<\/p>\n<p>In the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/28678669\/ns\/us_news-life\/t\/ny-jet-crash-called-miracle-hudson\/\">Miracle on the Hudson<\/a>\u201d event, for example, a key factor in what happened was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/ntsb-sully-could-have-made-it-back-to-laguardia\/\">how long it took for the human pilots to figure out what had happened<\/a> \u2013 that the plane had flown through a flock of birds, which had damaged both engines \u2013 and how to respond. Rather than the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/films\/sully\/miracle-on-the-hudson-how-it-happened\/\">approximately one minute<\/a> it took the humans, a computer could have assessed the situation in seconds, potentially saving enough time that the plane could have landed on a runway instead of a river.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/212493\/original\/file-20180328-109190-1vmv8y0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/212493\/original\/file-20180328-109190-1vmv8y0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">At the NTSB hearing, investigators learned how the decision time made it impossible for Flight 1549 to return to the airport, forcing the water landing.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Plane-Splashdown-Hearing\/263dbf7af6f24c98bd3b973dd59e68da\/1\/0\">AP Photo\/Charles Dharapak<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Aircraft damage can pose another particularly difficult challenge for human pilots: It can change what effects the controls have on its flight. In cases where damage <a href=\"http:\/\/bismarcktribune.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/und-plane-crashed-after-hitting-goose\/article_07e9494c-3719-5cd6-84ac-84a72d575a2e.html\">renders a plane uncontrollable<\/a>, the result is often tragedy. A sufficiently advanced automated system could make minute changes to the aircraft\u2019s steering and use its sensors to quickly evaluate the effects of those movements \u2013 essentially learning how to fly all over again with a damaged plane.<\/p>\n<h2>Boosting public confidence<\/h2>\n<p>The biggest barrier to fully automated flight is psychological, not technical. Many people may not want to trust their lives to computer systems. But they might come around when reassured that the software pilot has tens, hundreds or thousands more hours of flight experience than any human pilot.<\/p>\n<p>Other autonomous technologies, too, are progressing despite public concerns. Regulators and lawmakers are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/transportation\/autonomous-vehicles-self-driving-vehicles-enacted-legislation.aspx\">allowing self-driving cars on the roads<\/a> in many states. But more than half of Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/to-get-the-most-out-of-self-driving-cars-tap-the-brakes-on-their-rollout-88444\">don\u2019t want to ride in one<\/a>, largely because they <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2017\/10\/04\/americans-attitudes-toward-driverless-vehicles\/\">don\u2019t trust the technology<\/a>. And only <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/08\/07\/technology\/business\/pilotless-planes-passengers\/index.html\">17 percent of travelers<\/a> around the world are willing to board a plane without a pilot. However, as more people experience self-driving cars on the road and have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Amazon-Prime-Air\/b?ie=UTF8&amp;node=8037720011\">drones deliver them packages<\/a>, it is likely that software pilots will gain in acceptance.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2017\/10\/04\/automation-in-everyday-life\/pi_2017-10-04_automation_3-05\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"420\" height=\"671\" src=\"http:\/\/assets.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2017\/10\/03102012\/PI_2017.10.04_Automation_3-05.png\" alt=\"Slight majority of Americans would not want to ride in a driverless vehicle if given the chance; safety concerns, lack of trust lead their list of concerns\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The airline industry will certainly be pushing people to trust the new systems: Automating pilots could <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/08\/07\/technology\/business\/pilotless-planes-passengers\/index.html\">save tens of billions of dollars<\/a> a year. And the current <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grandforksherald.com\/news\/4422547-us-pilot-shortage-reaching-crisis-fargo-travelers-it-means-fewer-flights-destinations\">pilot shortage<\/a> means software pilots may be the key to having any airline service to smaller destinations. <\/p>\n<p>Both <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/10\/05\/news\/companies\/boeing-acquires-aurora-autonomous-797-air-taxi\/index.html\">Boeing<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/business\/news\/airbus-pilotless-planes-self-flying-aircraft-passenger-flights-cto-paul-eremenko-a8068956.html\">Airbus<\/a> have made significant investments in automated flight technology, which would remove or reduce the need for human pilots. Boeing has actually bought a drone manufacturer and is <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/10\/05\/news\/companies\/boeing-acquires-aurora-autonomous-797-air-taxi\/index.html\">looking to add software pilot capabilities<\/a> to the next generation of its passenger aircraft. (Other tests have tried to <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-10-cockpit-robot.html\">retrofit existing aircraft<\/a> with robotic pilots.)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/92330\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>One way to help regular passengers become comfortable with software pilots \u2013 while also helping to both train and test the systems \u2013 could be to introduce them as co-pilots working alongside human pilots. Planes would be operated by software from gate to gate, with the pilots instructed to touch the controls only if the system fails. Eventually pilots could be removed from the aircraft altogether, just like they eventually were from the <a href=\"https:\/\/motherboard.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/wnj75z\/why-dont-we-have-driverless-trains-yet\">driverless trains<\/a> that we routinely ride in airports around the world.<\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jeremy-straub-312014\">Jeremy Straub<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/north-dakota-state-university-823\">North Dakota State University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/your-next-pilot-could-be-drone-software-92330\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University Would you get on a plane that didn\u2019t have a human pilot in the cockpit? Half of air travelers surveyed in 2017 said they would not, even if the ticket was cheaper. Modern pilots do such a good job that almost any air accident is big news, such as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":11902,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3410],"tags":[4363,4366,662,2124,4362,4365,645,4364],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11898"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11898"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11898\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11904,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11898\/revisions\/11904"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}