{"id":12927,"date":"2018-07-21T21:55:09","date_gmt":"2018-07-21T21:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=12927"},"modified":"2018-07-21T21:55:09","modified_gmt":"2018-07-21T21:55:09","slug":"traveling-while-black-guidebooks-may-be-out-of-print-but-still-resonate-today","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/traveling-while-black-guidebooks-may-be-out-of-print-but-still-resonate-today\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8216;Traveling while black&#8217; guidebooks may be out of print, but still resonate today"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/cotten-seiler-507341\">Cotten Seiler<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/dickinson-college-3288\">Dickinson College<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In the summer of 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naacp.org\/latest\/travel-advisory-state-missouri\/\">the NAACP issued a travel advisory<\/a> for the state of Missouri. <\/p>\n<p>Modeled after the international advisories issued by the U.S. State Department, the NAACP statement cautioned travelers of color about the \u201clooming danger\u201d of discrimination, harassment and violence at the hands of Missouri law enforcement, businesses and citizens. <\/p>\n<p>The civil rights organization\u2019s action had been partly prompted by the state legislature\u2019s passage of what the NAACP called a \u201cJim Crow bill,\u201d which increased the burden of proof on those bringing lawsuits alleging racial or other forms of discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>But they were also startled by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ago.mo.gov\/home\/vehicle-stops-report\">a 2017 report<\/a> from the Missouri attorney general\u2019s office showing that black drivers were stopped by police at a rate 85 percent higher than their white counterparts. The report also found that they were more likely to be searched and arrested.<\/p>\n<p>When I first read about this news, I thought of the motoring guidebooks published for African-American travelers from the 1930s to the 1960s \u2013 a story I explore in my book \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/R\/bo5928612.html\">Republic of Drivers: A Cultural History of Automobility in America<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Although they ceased publication some 50 years ago, the guidebooks are worth reflecting on in light of the fact that for drivers of color, the road remains anything but open.<\/p>\n<h2>The half-open road<\/h2>\n<p>In American popular culture, movies (1983\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0085995\/?ref_=nv_sr_3\">National Lampoon\u2019s &#8220;Vacation\u201d<\/a>), literature (\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jr5jsdYci2EC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=on%20the%20road&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">On the Road<\/a>\u201d), music (the 1946 hit \u201cRoute 66\u201d) and <a href=\"https:\/\/goo.gl\/images\/899zhi\">advertising<\/a> have long celebrated the open road. It\u2019s a symbol of freedom, a rite of passage, an economic conduit \u2013 all made possible by the car and the Interstate Highway System.<\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kLUYf6cekMA?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">\u2018Get your kicks on Route 66,\u2019 Bobby Troup crooned in his hit song.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Yet this freedom \u2013 like other freedoms \u2013 has never been equally distributed.<\/p>\n<p>While white drivers spoke, wrote and sang about the sense of excitement and escape they felt on automobile journeys through unfamiliar territories, African-Americans were far more likely to dread such a journey.<\/p>\n<p>Especially in the South, whites\u2019 responses to black drivers could range from contemptuous to deadly. For example, one African-American writer <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/R\/bo5928612.html\">recalled<\/a> in 1983  how, decades earlier, a South Carolina policemen had fined and threatened to jail her cousin for no reason other than the fact that she had been driving an expensive car. In 1948, a mob in Lyons, Georgia, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.georgiaencyclopedia.org\/articles\/history-archaeology\/mallard-murder-case\">attacked an African-American motorist<\/a> named Robert Mallard and murdered him in front of his wife and child. That same year, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/We-Charge-Genocide-1970#page\/n15\/search\/newsom\">a North Carolina gas station owner shot Otis Newsom<\/a> after he had asked for service on his car.<\/p>\n<p>Such incidents weren\u2019t confined to the South. Most of the thousands of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thenewpress.com\/books\/sundown-towns\">sundown towns<\/a>\u201d \u2013 municipalities that barred people of color after dark \u2013 were north of the Mason-Dixon Line. <\/p>\n<p>Of course, not all white people, police and business owners behaved cruelly toward travelers of color. But a black individual or family traveling the country by car would have had no way of knowing which towns and businesses were amenable to black patrons and visitors, and which posed a grave threat. The only certainties for African-Americans on the road were anxiety and vulnerability.<\/p>\n<h2>\u2018A book badly needed\u2019<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cWould a Negro like to pursue a little happiness at a theatre, a beach, pool, hotel, restaurant, on a train, plane, or ship, a golf course, summer or winter resort?\u201d the NAACP magazine The Crisis <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/R\/bo5928612.html\">asked in 1947<\/a>. \u201cWould he like to stop overnight in a tourist camp while he motors about his native land \u2018Seeing America First\u2019? Well, just let him try!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Despite the dangers, try they did. And they had help in the form of guidebooks that told them how to evade and thwart Jim Crow. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Negro Motorist\u2019s Green Book,\u201d first published in 1936 by a New York letter carrier and travel agent named Victor Green, and \u201cTravelguide: Vacation and Recreation Without Humiliation,\u201d first published in 1947 by jazz bandleader Billy Butler, advised black travelers where they could eat, sleep, fill the gas tank, fix a flat tire and secure a myriad of other roadside services without fear of discrimination. The guidebooks, which covered every state in the union, drew upon knowledge hard-won by pioneering black salesmen, athletes, clergy and entertainers, for whom long-distance travel by car was a professional necessity.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/228479\/original\/file-20180719-142438-wdwg2o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/228479\/original\/file-20180719-142438-wdwg2o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Pages from an original 1947 edition of the \u2018Green Book\u2019 highlight businesses in Mississippi and Missouri.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/29557790-892b-0132-0a9c-58d385a7bbd0\">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. &#8216;The Negro Motorist Green Book: 1947&#8217; The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1947.<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cIt is,\u201d a \u201cGreen Book\u201d subscriber <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/R\/bo5928612.html\">wrote to Victor Green in 1938<\/a>, \u201ca book badly needed among our Race since the advance of the motor age.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Acknowledging the era\u2019s racial tensions and dangers of travel, the 1956 edition <a href=\"http:\/\/digital.tcl.sc.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/greenbook\/id\/60\">reminded drivers<\/a> to \u201cbehave in a way to show we\u2019ve been nicely bred and [were] taught good manners.\u201d <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/228472\/original\/file-20180719-142420-7lkvnh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/228472\/original\/file-20180719-142420-7lkvnh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The 1950 edition of \u2018Travelguide.\u2019<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Cotten Seiler<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/digital.tcl.sc.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/greenbook\/id\/60\">It pointed to certain states<\/a> that would be more amenable to black travelers: \u201cVisitors to New Mexico will find little if any racial friction there. The majority of the scores of motels across the State accepts guests on the basis of \u2018cash rather than color.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yet even as they sought to ease the black traveler\u2019s passage through an America in which racial discrimination was the norm, the guidebooks, whose covers often featured well-heeled travelers of color with upscale automobiles and accessories, also asserted African-Americans\u2019 claims to full citizenship.<\/p>\n<p>The guidebooks\u2019 images and text conveyed an attitude of indignation and resistance to the racist conditions that made them necessary. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cTravel Is Fatal to Prejudice,\u201d the cover of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.autolife.umd.umich.edu\/Race\/R_Casestudy\/87_135_1736_GreenBk.pdf\">the 1949 edition of the \u201cGreen Book\u201d<\/a> announced, putting a spin on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/quotes\/1716-travel-is-fatal-to-prejudice-bigotry-and-narrow-mindedness-and-many\">a famous Mark Twain quote<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In 1955, \u201cTravelguide\u201d declared, \u201cThe time is rapidly approaching when TRAVELGUIDE will cease to be a \u2018specialized\u2019 publication, but as long as racial prejudice exists, we will continue to cope with the news of a changing situation, working toward the day when all established directories will serve EVERYONE.\u201d <\/p>\n<h2>Is racial terror really over?<\/h2>\n<p>Travelguide and the Green Book did indeed shut down in the 1960s, when the civil rights movement sparked a profound transformation in racial law and custom across the country.  <\/p>\n<p>Today, copies can be found in research archives at Howard University, the New York Public Library and the Library of Congress. The guidebooks have been the focus of a growing body of print and digital scholarship. The University of South Carolina, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/delphi.tcl.sc.edu\/library\/digital\/collections\/greenbookmap.html\">has built an interactive map<\/a> that allows visitors to search for all of the businesses listed in the 1956 edition of the \u201cGreen Book.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In popular culture, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Green-Book-Calvin-Alexander-Ramsey\/dp\/0979403049\">a play<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Ruth-Green-Calvin-Alexander-Ramsey\/dp\/0761352554\/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1531960694&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=ruth+and+the+green+book\">a children\u2019s book<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt6966692\/?ref_=nv_sr_1\">and a forthcoming Hollywood film<\/a> starring Mahershala Ali all center on these travel guides.<\/p>\n<p>While the story of these books recall an era of prejudice many regard as bygone, there remains much work to be done. <\/p>\n<p>The NAACP\u2019s decision to issue a travel advisory calls attention to the dangers that continue to be associated with \u201cdriving while black.\u201d The highly publicized recent deaths of Sandra Bland, Philando Castile and Tory Sanford are the starkest examples of what can happen to black drivers at the hands of police. Studies have shown that across the nation, police <a href=\"https:\/\/openpolicing.stanford.edu\/findings\/\">are still much more likely to stop and search drivers of color<\/a>.     <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/99126\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>If guidebooks for drivers of color are unlikely to make a return, it is because <a href=\"https:\/\/uproxx.com\/tv\/yelp-users-are-expertly-pranking-a-homophobic-racist-restaurant-owner\/\">the internet<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/chicago.eater.com\/2018\/4\/23\/17271380\/jakes-pub-n-word-meltdown-owners-yelp-facebook-reviews\">now fulfills<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/vdxbd3\/a-black-mans-guide-to-surviving-encounters-with-the-cops-723\">their role<\/a>, not because the \u201cgreat day\u201d of racial equality the \u201cGreen Book\u201d heralded 70 years ago has arrived.<\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/cotten-seiler-507341\">Cotten Seiler<\/a>, Associate Professor of American Studies, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/dickinson-college-3288\">Dickinson College<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/traveling-while-black-guidebooks-may-be-out-of-print-but-still-resonate-today-99126\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cotten Seiler, Dickinson College In the summer of 2017, the NAACP issued a travel advisory for the state of Missouri. Modeled after the international advisories issued by the U.S. State Department, the NAACP statement cautioned travelers of color about the \u201clooming danger\u201d of discrimination, harassment and violence at the hands of Missouri law enforcement, businesses [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":12922,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[501,2718,4829,1527,2034,498,1538,16,420],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12927"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12927"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12927\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12928,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12927\/revisions\/12928"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12927"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12927"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}