{"id":14380,"date":"2018-11-22T19:48:22","date_gmt":"2018-11-22T19:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=14380"},"modified":"2018-11-22T19:48:22","modified_gmt":"2018-11-22T19:48:22","slug":"what-is-behind-the-turkey-pardoning-ritual-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/what-is-behind-the-turkey-pardoning-ritual-2\/","title":{"rendered":"What is behind the turkey pardoning ritual?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tobin Miller Shearer<\/a>, The University of Montana<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

President Donald Trump presided over presidential turkey pardoning, a ritual that has been in place since 1989, when President George H. W. Bush instituted<\/a> the practice. Since then, U.S. presidents have pardoned a turkey shortly before Thanksgiving each year.<\/p>\n

Although the turkeys offer no offense, their presidential pardoning invites the question: What is the significance of such a public rite of forgiveness?<\/p>\n

As a researcher of the history of race and religion, I have long been interested in the ideas and ceremonies that make forgiveness possible. The presidential turkey pardon draws on the long traditions of forgiveness<\/a> in the world\u2019s religions. A very public act of pardoning, as in this case, reminds us about the important role rituals themselves play in society. <\/p>\n

The many ways of forgiveness<\/h2>\n

Different religious traditions conceive, articulate and express forgiveness in diverse ways<\/a>. <\/p>\n

For example, the Islamic community treats forgiveness as a process that takes place in front of and with the support of other Muslims<\/a>. It is not a solitary endeavor. Muslims expect the offender to display remorse and directly request forgiveness from the harmed party so that justice can be restored. The community does not expect that forgiveness be offered until after justice has been realized. Nonetheless, Muslims are encouraged to forgive because it represents a more virtuous path<\/a>. <\/p>\n

The Jewish rabbinical tradition also links forgiveness with justice<\/a>. As in the case of Islam, forgiveness is conceived as unfolding within the community. It is the offender\u2019s responsibility to approach those who have been harmed. Jews celebrate their highest holiday, Yom Kippur, or the Day of Atonement, by seeking forgiveness from others<\/a> and from God.<\/p>\n

Within the Christian tradition, the expectation is that believers will offer forgiveness whether or not those who have harmed them have repented<\/a>. Forgiveness from God is not contingent upon how an adherent has acted but rather on the believer\u2019s faith that he has been saved from God\u2019s judgment through the intervention of Jesus Christ<\/a>. <\/p>\n

According to this belief, human failings so offend God\u2019s sense of justice that only the death of God\u2019s own son in the person of Jesus of Nazareth will right the balance. Christians forgive because they, too, see themselves as forgiven. These are traditional Protestant values. In contrast, Catholics emphasize the fulfillment of religious observances<\/a> such as reciting a set number of prayers along side belief in forgiveness from God.<\/p>\n

Buddhists place less value on the idea of forgiveness itself and more on the renunciation of anger and desire<\/a> for revenge. As in the case of Christianity, there is no expectation that these twin renunciations are in any way dependent upon the attitude and actions of the offender<\/a>. In other words, whether or not the offender seeks repentance is irrelevant. <\/p>\n

Many Native American communities, especially those in the Southeast, ritualize the practice of forgiveness in the Green Corn Ceremony<\/a>. In this annual ritual, also known as \u201citse selu\u201d or \u201cBusk,\u201d tribal members forgive and reconcile wrongs<\/a> ranging from debts to adultery. Murder is not addressed<\/a> through this ritual, indicating that special attention is required in the case of deeper harm.<\/p>\n

The value of rituals<\/h2>\n

The Thanksgiving Day turkey pardoning draws its meaning from different religious traditions. But why does such an action take place in public? <\/p>\n

The answer can be found in the role that ritual plays in binding societies. Late 19th-century sociologist \u00c9mile Durkheim<\/a> observed that all rites serve to periodically reaffirm a social group\u2019s identity<\/a> through its appeal to collective values. By observing even the most common of rituals, the community expresses what is important in its collective life. Even the seemingly inane pardoning of a turkey emphasizes that the idea that public forgiveness is possible. <\/p>\n

French historian and philosopher Ren\u00e9 Girard<\/a> took that observation a step further by arguing that public rituals of sacrifice deflected social violence<\/a> that would otherwise be released internally within the group. <\/p>\n

In the particular instance of pardoning a turkey, the rite may seem so trite as to not apply. Yet, British anthropologist Victor Turner<\/a> reminds us that the drama of ritual depicts both human experience and its response to it<\/a>. Turner contends that such rites reduce social turmoil \u2013 both by presenting emotions and then by releasing them.<\/p>\n

The ritualized pardoning of a turkey draws our attention. It connects with our desire for forgiveness from expected punishment and to a possibility that we, too, might one day be pardoned. Whether we as a nation or as individuals act on that desire is a question for our collective reflection over the upcoming holiday meal.<\/p>\n

This is an updated version of a piece first published on Nov. 20, 2016.<\/em>\"The<\/p>\n

Tobin Miller Shearer<\/a>, Director of the African-American Studies Program and Associate Professor of History, The University of Montana<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tobin Miller Shearer, The University of Montana President Donald Trump presided over presidential turkey pardoning, a ritual that has been in place since 1989, when President George H. W. Bush instituted the practice. Since then, U.S. presidents have pardoned a turkey shortly before Thanksgiving each year. Although the turkeys offer no offense, their presidential pardoning […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":14376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[292],"tags":[1830,1829,1831,1828,5482,1573,386],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14380"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14380"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14381,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14380\/revisions\/14381"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}