{"id":15318,"date":"2019-02-11T02:17:25","date_gmt":"2019-02-11T02:17:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=15318"},"modified":"2019-02-13T00:45:43","modified_gmt":"2019-02-13T00:45:43","slug":"venomous-yellow-scorpions-are-moving-into-brazils-big-cities-and-the-infestation-may-be-unstoppable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/venomous-yellow-scorpions-are-moving-into-brazils-big-cities-and-the-infestation-may-be-unstoppable\/","title":{"rendered":"Venomous yellow scorpions are moving into Brazil’s big cities \u2013 and the infestation may be unstoppable"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hamilton Coimbra Carvalho<\/a>, Universidade de Sao Paulo<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

I live in S\u00e3o Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil, home to some 12 million people<\/a> \u2013 20 million if you count the outskirts, which have been sprawling for three decades<\/a>.<\/p>\n

That makes it a good place to observe the phenomenon I research<\/a>: complex social problems. In academia, this concept refers to problems like corruption, crime and traffic \u2013 problems that, in practice, cannot be solved. They must simply be mitigated or managed.<\/p>\n

S\u00e3o Paulo is a dense city, with scarce green space and little to no animal life \u2013 no squirrels, no raccoons, not even a lot of birds. So I was astonished when, in January, I learned that scorpions had infested my neighborhood.<\/p>\n

It turns out, people across the city and S\u00e3o Paulo state were having the same problem<\/a> with these dangerous, venomous bugs. Statewide, scorpion stings have increased threefold over the last two decades<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Four kinds of scorpion live across Brazil, but historically only in rural areas. S\u00e3o Paulo residents are urbanites. We have conquered nature \u2013 or so we thought.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
S\u00e3o Paulo is Brazil\u2019s biggest city, with 12.2 million residents.<\/span>
\nPixabay<\/a>, CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Brazil\u2019s urban scorpions<\/h2>\n

Brazil\u2019s scorpion infestation is the perfect example of how unpredictable modern life has become. It is a hallmark of what those of us in the complex problems field call a \u201cVUCA\u201d world \u2013 a world that\u2019s volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Some 2.5 billion people worldwide, from Mexico to Russia, live with scorpions<\/a>, which generally prefer hot and dry habitats<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But Brazil\u2019s cities also provide an excellent habitat for scorpions<\/a>, experts say. They offer shelter in sewage networks, plenty of water and food in the garbage that goes uncollected, and no natural predators.<\/p>\n

Scorpions, like the cockroaches they feast on<\/a>, are an incredibly adaptable species<\/a>. As the weather in Brazil gets hotter due to climate change, scorpions are spreading across the country<\/a> \u2013 including into its colder southern states that rarely, if ever, had reports of scorpions<\/a> prior to this millennium.<\/p>\n

The number of people stung by scorpions across Brazil has risen from 12,000 in 2000 to 140,000 last year<\/a>, according to the health ministry.<\/p>\n

Most scorpion stings are extremely painful but not fatal. For children, however, they are dangerous and require urgent medical attention. Eighty-eight people died from their wounds in 2017, Brazil\u2019s O Globo newspaper reports<\/a>, highlighting the lack of adequate medicare care available in small towns. Many of the dead are children<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In Americana, a city with about 200,000 inhabitants in S\u00e3o Paulo state, teams that perform night searches for scorpions captured more than 13,000 last year<\/a> \u2013 that\u2019s the equivalent of one scorpion for every 15 people.<\/p>\n

Worse yet, the species terrorizing Brazilians is the highly poisonous yellow scorpion, or tityus serrulatus<\/a><\/em>. It reproduces through the miracle of parthenogenesis<\/a>, meaning a female scorpion simply generates copies of herself twice a year \u2013 no male participation required.<\/p>\n

Each parthenogenesis can spawn up to 20 to 30 baby scorpions. Though most will die in their first days and weeks of life, ridding Brazilian cities of scorpions would be a herculean, if not downright impossible, task.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Yellow scorpions have a poisonous, though not often deadly, sting.<\/span>
\nJos\u00e9 Roberto Peruca\/flickr<\/a>, CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Wicked problems in a crazy world<\/h2>\n

Brazil\u2019s urban scorpion infestation is a classic \u201cwicked problem<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

This term, first used in 1973 by design theorists Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber<\/a>, refers to enormous social or cultural problems like poverty and war \u2013 problems with no simple or definitive solution, and which arise at the intersection of other problems.<\/p>\n

Wicked problems are a symptom of numerous other related problems, both natural and human-made. In this case, Brazil\u2019s urban scorpion infestation is the result of poor garbage management, inadequate sanitation, rapid urbanization and a changing climate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It is likely too late to stop the spread of scorpions across Brazilian cities.<\/p>\n

In a VUCA world<\/a>, my academic research<\/a> and other problem-solving studies<\/a> show, wicked problems should be identified and confronted as soon as possible, using an array of responses.<\/p>\n

In a VUCA world, the more resources you throw at problems, the better. That could mean everything from public awareness campaigns that educate Brazilians about scorpions to exterminator task forces working to control their population in urban areas. Scientists should be involved. Brazil\u2019s national public health system will need to adapt to this new threat.<\/p>\n

Brazil\u2019s government appears to be ill-equipped to tackle the scorpion infestation.<\/p>\n

Despite dogged press coverage<\/a>, federal health officials have barely spoken publicly about Brazil\u2019s urban scorpion problem. And, beyond some rather tepid national and state-level efforts to train health officials in scorpion risk, authorities seem to have no plan for fighting the infestation at the epidemic level it is heading towards.<\/p>\n

Nor are cities likely to see any federal money dedicated to fighting this scorpion infestation: Brazil has been in a deep recession since 2015, and public health budgets have been slashed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Venomous yellow scorpions, I fear, have already claimed their place alongside violent crime<\/a>, brutal traffic<\/a> and other chronic problems that urbanites in Brazil must cope with daily.\"The<\/p>\n

Hamilton Coimbra Carvalho<\/a>, Researcher in Complex Social Problems, Universidade de Sao Paulo<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hamilton Coimbra Carvalho, Universidade de Sao Paulo I live in S\u00e3o Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil, home to some 12 million people \u2013 20 million if you count the outskirts, which have been sprawling for three decades. That makes it a good place to observe the phenomenon I research: complex social problems. In academia, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":15315,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[804,4114,5872,5874,520,811,5873,5871],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15318"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15318"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15318\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15322,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15318\/revisions\/15322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15318"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15318"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}