{"id":15517,"date":"2019-02-26T02:45:51","date_gmt":"2019-02-26T02:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=15517"},"modified":"2019-02-27T11:07:32","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T11:07:32","slug":"newly-discovered-cold-tolerant-plants-from-siberia-could-promote-clean-bioenergy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/newly-discovered-cold-tolerant-plants-from-siberia-could-promote-clean-bioenergy\/","title":{"rendered":"Newly discovered cold-tolerant plants from Siberia could promote clean bioenergy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Charles Pignon<\/a>, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Climate change is an urgent threat<\/a> to societies around the world, driven by carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels such as oil. One of the most effective ways to curb emissions is to replace these energy sources with others that are carbon neutral or even carbon negative \u2013 that is, technologies that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they put in.<\/p>\n

Bioenergy, or energy derived from organic matter, usually plants, is an attractive option. The U.S. already derives 5 percent<\/a> of transportation fuel from bioenergy, mostly corn. Even jet fuel<\/a> could be produced from specially engineered crops, potentially balancing out 3 percent<\/a> of the world\u2019s human-made emissions.<\/p>\n

Because the world population and its demand for food continues to rise, there might not be enough conventional farmland to grow crops for both food and bioenergy<\/a>. One solution is to grow bioenergy crops on marginal land<\/a>, which isn\u2019t good enough to grow food. The logical conundrum: If this soil isn\u2019t good, how can we grow anything on it that is reasonably productive?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Erik Sacks in front of a 11.5-foot-tall stand of Miscanthus x giganteus<\/em> at the University of Illinois\u2019s Energy Farm. This stand is dormant in the winter, but it will put out green leaves again in the spring.<\/span>
\nClaire Benjamin\/University of Illinois<\/span>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Miscanthus<\/em>, the candidate bioenergy crop<\/h2>\n

That is where Miscanthus<\/em> x giganteus<\/em><\/a> comes in. This species, also known as elephant grass, is incredibly productive \u2013 59 percent more productive than corn<\/a> in the midwestern U.S. It grows well on marginal soils<\/a> with minimal fertilization. M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> is a perennial, meaning it stores nutrients in underground stems called rhizomes and uses them to regrow from one year to the next. These rhizomes, along with the plant\u2019s roots, store atmospheric carbon dioxide underground and keep soil in place, preventing carbon dioxide loss from erosion<\/a>. M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> may be able to sustain significant bioenergy production to replace fossil fuels, while being grown on marginal lands that do not compete with food crops.<\/p>\n

M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> is a naturally occurring hybrid: Despite performing well in experimental trials, it was never designed to be a bioenergy crop. It is produced by crossing the Asian grasses Miscanthus sacchariflorus<\/em> and Miscanthus sinensis<\/em>, popular ornamental plants whose flowers form beautiful feathery plumes. M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> is sterile, and can propagate only clonally \u2013 that is, instead of seeds, a rhizome from a M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> plant can grow into a new, genetically identical plant. A single clone<\/a> of this hybrid, now called \u201cIllinois,\u201d has been the focus of most trials of Miscanthus<\/em> as a bioenergy crop in Europe<\/a> and the U.S<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The incredible productivity and resilience<\/a> of the \u201cIllinois\u201d clone, especially since the first U.S. agronomic trials at the University of Illinois in 2000, propelled M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> to prominence as a leading-candidate bioenergy crop<\/a>. Yet the \u201cIllinois\u201d clone was produced by accident. What if parent species M. sacchariflorus<\/em> and M. sinensis<\/em>, growing in the wild in Asia, had even greater resilience, that could be used by plant scientists to breed M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> hybrids that perform even better than \u201cIllinois\u201d?<\/p>\n

Miscanthus<\/em>, mosquitoes and more cold tolerance<\/h2>\n

I am a plant physiologist<\/a> at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. My job involves understanding how plants work in order to develop improved crops that can mitigate climate change, in this case by developing improved hybrids of M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> for bioenergy production. I teamed up with Professor Erik Sacks<\/a> to study some of the plants he had recently collected during a trip to the eastern reaches of Siberia.<\/p>\n

In the summer of 2016, Sacks\u2019s team of fearless plant scientists<\/a>, guided by two adventure ecotourism guides turned amateur botanists, braved the flooding and mosquitoes of eastern Siberia to gather one of the world\u2019s largest collections of M. sacchariflorus<\/em> plants<\/a>. The team was interested in collecting plants that could withstand cold better than M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois,\u201d which struggles to photosynthesize, a process where plants use sunlight to capture carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into biomass, when temperatures drop below 50 degrees Fahrenheit.<\/p>\n

Eastern Siberia is the coldest part of the world where Miscanthus<\/em> grows. One species, M. sacchariflorus<\/em>, was found growing in areas with a minimum October temperature as low as 26\u00b0F, compared to 41\u00b0F in central Illinois. Most of the region where plants were collected had a continental climate, with severe winters and big temperature swings in the spring and autumn, suggesting these plants can thrive under a wide range of temperatures.<\/p>\n

With this diverse Siberian collection, containing 181 accessions, or groups of genetically related plants, Idan Spitz<\/a> and I, plant physiologists from Professor Stephen Long\u2019s lab<\/a>, decided to look for M. sacchariflorus<\/em> with exceptional tolerance of photosynthesis to cold conditions. These cold-tolerant specimens could then be brought back to the U.S. and used to breed more cold-tolerant, and therefore more productive, M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Erik Sacks stands among Miscanthus sacchariflorus<\/em> in eastern Siberia.<\/span>
\nErik Sacks<\/span>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

From many, three<\/h2>\n

We filtered 181 genetically distinct accessions from Siberia down to a handful displaying the greatest photosynthetic cold tolerance<\/a>. To identify the best cold-adapted plants, the entire collection was grown in an outdoor field at Aarhus University, Denmark. M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois\u201d was grown alongside as a control. During a cold spell, when temperatures dropped below 54\u00b0F, we measured leaf fluorescence on individual plants to identify those that were the least stressed by these low temperatures. Fluorescence is a minuscule amount of light emitted by key leaf components and can be measured to detect when the leaf has sustained damage.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
A leaf of Miscanthus<\/em> is placed in the chamber of an instrument that measures photosynthesis.<\/span>
\nDon Hamerman<\/span>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

We brought the most promising M. sacchariflorus<\/em> plants to the University of Illinois to grow along with M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois\u201d in an indoor environment with precisely controlled light, temperature and humidity. In two successive experiments, we regularly monitored photosynthesis as plants were exposed to severe chilling at 50\u00b0F for two weeks. We then raised the temperature to test how well they could recover. Our team measured photosynthesis by tracking absorption of carbon dioxide into the leaf from the surrounding air.<\/p>\n

Although photosynthesis slowed in all Miscanthus<\/em> plants during chilling, we were excited to discover three genetically unique M. sacchariflorus<\/em> specimens that sustained much better activity during the cold than M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois.\u201d The first one maintained photosynthetic rates double that of M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois\u201d; the second quickly recovered photosynthesis when temperatures were increased, a useful ability that could maximize photosynthesis during intermittent warm periods in the early spring. The third stabilized photosynthesis during chilling; in contrast photosynthesis in the \u201cIllinois\u201d clone dropped steadily during the two weeks.<\/p>\n

In the Miscanthus<\/em> plants studied here, improved photosynthesis during chilling was supported by the ability to maintain activity of photosynthetic enzymes that are essential for absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but slow down when temperatures drop. M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois\u201d adapts to cold by producing more of these enzymes<\/a> to counteract chilling. The new M. sacchariflorus<\/em> plants we discovered in Siberia may be even better at turning up production of these enzymes at low temperature.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s next?<\/h2>\n

Identifying these useful traits is just the first step. Next, scientists at the University of Illinois will use these three genetically unique accessions to breed new hybrids of M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> that perform better in the cold. By breeding Miscanthus<\/em> with improved photosynthesis during the chill of early spring and late autumn, we can develop new hybrids that yield even more than M.<\/em> x giganteus<\/em> \u201cIllinois.\u201d<\/p>\n

In addition, Miscanthus<\/em> is a close relative of sugarcane, so Sacks is breeding the Siberian M. sacchariflorus<\/em> specimens with sugarcane to develop energycane cultivars that can be grown farther north than current commercial sugarcane in the U.S.; currently sugarcane production is limited to southern parts of Florida, Louisiana and Texas. The goal is to create new bioenergy crops that can withstand cold temperatures to produce more biomass, and ultimately, more bioenergy.\"The<\/p>\n

Charles Pignon<\/a>, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Charles Pignon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Climate change is an urgent threat to societies around the world, driven by carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels such as oil. One of the most effective ways to curb emissions is to replace these energy sources with others that are carbon neutral or even carbon negative \u2013 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":15514,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3410],"tags":[5938,5936,5939,139,4688,5937],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15517"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15517"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15522,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15517\/revisions\/15522"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}