{"id":16816,"date":"2019-06-15T18:03:33","date_gmt":"2019-06-15T18:03:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=16816"},"modified":"2019-06-15T23:46:21","modified_gmt":"2019-06-15T23:46:21","slug":"what-orwells-1984-tells-us-about-todays-world-70-years-after-it-was-published","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/what-orwells-1984-tells-us-about-todays-world-70-years-after-it-was-published\/","title":{"rendered":"What Orwell’s ‘1984’ tells us about today’s world, 70 years after it was published"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stephen Groening<\/a>, University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Seventy years ago, Eric Blair, writing under a pseudonym George Orwell, published \u201c1984,\u201d now generally considered a classic of dystopian fiction<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The novel tells the story of Winston Smith, a hapless middle-aged bureaucrat who lives in Oceania, where he is governed by constant surveillance. Even though there are no laws, there is a police force, the \u201cThought Police,\u201d and the constant reminders, on posters, that \u201cBig Brother Is Watching You.\u201d<\/p>\n

Smith works at the Ministry of Truth, and his job is to rewrite the reports in newspapers of the past to conform with the present reality. Smith lives in a constant state of uncertainty; he is not sure the year is in fact 1984.<\/p>\n

Although the official account is that Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia, Smith is quite sure he remembers that just a few years ago they had been at war with Eastasia, who has now been proclaimed their constant and loyal ally<\/a>. The society portrayed in \u201c1984\u201d is one in which social control is exercised through disinformation and surveillance.<\/p>\n

As a scholar of television and screen culture<\/a>, I argue that the techniques and technologies described in the novel are very much present in today\u2019s world.<\/p>\n

\u20181984\u2019 as history<\/h2>\n

One of the key technologies of surveillance in the novel is the \u201ctelescreen,\u201d a device very much like our own television.<\/p>\n

The telescreen displays a single channel of news, propaganda and wellness programming. It differs from our own television in two crucial respects: It is impossible to turn off and the screen also watches its viewers.<\/p>\n

The telescreen is television and surveillance camera in one. In the novel, the character Smith is never sure if he is being actively monitored through the telescreen.<\/p>\n

\"\"
A publicity photo on the set of the CBS anthology television series \u2018Studio One\u2019 depicts a presentation of George Orwell\u2019s \u20181984.\u2019<\/span>
\nCBS Television<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Orwell\u2019s telescreen was based in the technologies of television pioneered prior to World War II and could hardly be seen as science fiction. In the 1930s Germany had a working videophone system in place<\/a>, and television programs were already being broadcast in parts of the United States, Great Britain and France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Past, present and future<\/h2>\n

The dominant reading of \u201c1984\u201d has been that it was a dire prediction of what could be. In the words of Italian essayist Umberto Eco,<\/a> \u201cat least three-quarters of what Orwell narrates is not negative utopia, but history<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Additionally, scholars have also remarked how clearly \u201c1984\u201d describes the present.<\/p>\n

In 1949, when the novel was written, Americans watched on average four and a half hours of television a day; in 2009, almost twice that<\/a>. In 2017, television watching was slightly down, to eight hours, more time than we spent asleep<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In the U.S. the information transmitted over television screens came to constitute a dominant portion of people\u2019s social and psychological lives.<\/p>\n

\u20181984\u2019 as present day<\/h2>\n

In the year 1984, however, there was much self-congratulatory coverage in the U.S. that the dystopia of the novel had not been realized. But media studies scholar Mark Miller<\/a> argued how the famous slogan from the book, \u201cBig Brother Is Watching You\u201d had been turned to \u201cBig Brother is you, watching\u201d television<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Miller argued that television in the United States teaches a different kind of conformity than that portrayed in the novel. In the novel, the telescreen is used to produce conformity to the Party. In Miller\u2019s argument, television produces conformity to a system of rapacious consumption \u2013 through advertising as well as a focus on the rich and famous. It also promotes endless productivity, through messages regarding the meaning of success and the virtues of hard work<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Television has a profound effect on its viewers.<\/span>
\nAndrey_Popov<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Many viewers conform by measuring themselves against what they see on television, such as dress, relationships and conduct. In Miller\u2019s words, television has \u201cset the standard of habitual self-scrutiny.\u201d<\/p>\n

The kind of paranoid worry possessed by Smith in the novel \u2013 that any false move or false thought will bring the thought police \u2013 instead manifests in television viewers that Miller describes as an \u201cinert watchfulness.\u201d In other words, viewers watch themselves to make sure they conform to those others they see on the screen.<\/p>\n

This inert watchfulness can exist because television allows viewers to watch strangers without being seen. Scholar Joshua Meyrowitz<\/a> has shown that the kinds of programming which dominate U.S television \u2013 news, sitcoms, dramas \u2013 have normalized looking into the private lives of others<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Controlling behavior<\/h2>\n

Alongside the steady rise of \u201creality TV,\u201d beginning in the \u201860s with \u201cCandid Camera,\u201d \u201cAn American Family,\u201d \u201cReal People,\u201d \u201cCops\u201d and \u201cThe Real World,\u201d television has also contributed to the acceptance of a kind of video surveillance.<\/p>\n

For example, it might seem just clever marketing that one of the longest-running and most popular reality television shows in the world is entitled \u201cBig Brother<\/a>.\u201d The show\u2019s nod to the novel invokes the kind of benevolent surveillance that \u201cBig Brother\u201d was meant to signify: \u201cWe are watching you and we will take care of you.\u201d<\/p>\n

But Big Brother, as a reality show, is also an experiment in controlling and modifying behavior. By asking participants to put their private lives on display, shows such as \u201cBig Brother\u201d encourage self-scrutiny and behaving according to perceived social norms or roles that challenge those perceived norms<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The stress of performing 24\/7 on \u201cBig Brother\u201d has led the show to employ a team of psychologists<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Television scholar Anna McCarthy<\/a> and others have shown that the origins of reality television can be traced back to social psychology and behavioral experiments in the aftermath of World War II, which were designed to better control people.<\/p>\n

Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram<\/a>, for example, was influenced by \u201cCandid Camera.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the \u201cCandid Camera\u201d show, cameras were concealed in places where they could film people in unusual situations. Milgram was fascinated with \u201cCandid Camera,\u201d and he used a similar model for his experiments \u2013 his participants were not aware that they were being watched or that it was part of an experiment<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Like many others in the aftermath of World War II, Milgram was interested in what could compel large numbers of people to \u201cfollow orders\u201d and participate in genocidal acts. His \u201cobedience experiments\u201d found that a high proportion of participants obeyed instructions from an established authority figure to harm another person, even if reluctantly<\/a>.<\/p>\n

While contemporary reality TV shows do not order participants to directly harm each other, they are often set up as a small-scale social experiment that often involves intense competition or even cruelty.<\/p>\n

Surveillance in daily life<\/h2>\n

And, just like in the novel, ubiquitous video surveillance is already here.<\/p>\n

Closed-circuit television exist in virtually every area of American life, from transportation hubs and networks<\/a>, to schools<\/a>, supermarkets<\/a>, hospitals<\/a> and public sidewalks<\/a>, not to mention law enforcement officers<\/a> and their vehicles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Video surveillance is part of our modern-day lives.<\/span>
\nAfrica Studio<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Surveillance footage from these cameras is repurposed as the raw material of television, mostly in the news but also in shows like \u201cAmerica\u2019s Most Wanted,\u201d \u201cRight This Minute\u201d and others. Many viewers unquestioningly accept this practice as legitimate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The friendly face of surveillance<\/h2>\n

Reality television is the friendly face of surveillance. It helps viewers think that surveillance happens only to those who choose it or to those who are criminals. In fact, it is part of a culture of widespread television use, which has brought about what Norwegian criminologist Thomas Mathiesen<\/a> called the \u201cviewer society\u201d \u2013 in which the many watch the few.<\/p>\n

For Mathiesen, the viewer society is merely the other side<\/a> of the surveillance society \u2013 described so aptly in Orwell\u2019s novel \u2013 where a few watch the many.<\/p>\n

[ Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter and get a digest of academic takes on today\u2019s news, every day.<\/a><\/em> ]\"The<\/p>\n

Stephen Groening<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Cinema and Media Studies, University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stephen Groening, University of Washington Seventy years ago, Eric Blair, writing under a pseudonym George Orwell, published \u201c1984,\u201d now generally considered a classic of dystopian fiction. The novel tells the story of Winston Smith, a hapless middle-aged bureaucrat who lives in Oceania, where he is governed by constant surveillance. Even though there are no laws, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":16810,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2450],"tags":[6509,6510,3738,540,6511,3394,255,536],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16816"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16816"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16822,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16816\/revisions\/16822"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}