{"id":17483,"date":"2019-08-07T02:08:41","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T02:08:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=17483"},"modified":"2019-08-08T08:30:40","modified_gmt":"2019-08-08T08:30:40","slug":"the-warspeak-permeating-everyday-language-puts-us-all-in-the-trenches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/the-warspeak-permeating-everyday-language-puts-us-all-in-the-trenches\/","title":{"rendered":"The &#8216;warspeak&#8217; permeating everyday language puts us all in the trenches"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/robert-myers-784220\">Robert Myers<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/alfred-university-3295\">Alfred University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/03\/us\/patrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html?module=inline\">In a manifesto posted online<\/a> shortly before he went on to massacre 22 people at an El Paso Walmart, Patrick Crusius cited the \u201cinvasion\u201d of Texas by Hispanics. In doing so, he echoed President Trump\u2019s rhetoric of an illegal immigrant \u201cinvasion.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Think about what this word choice communicates: It signals an enemy that must be beaten back, repelled and vanquished.<\/p>\n<p>Yet this sort of language \u2013 what I call \u201cwarspeak\u201d \u2013 has relentlessly crept into most aspects of American life and public discourse.<\/p>\n<p>After the Columbine shooting, <a href=\"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/AN.204\">I started writing<\/a> about how \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wgbh.org\/news\/2016\/06\/15\/local-news\/loaded-language-gun-speak\">gunspeak<\/a>\u201d \u2013 the way everyday turns of phrase, from \u201cbite the bullet\u201d and \u201csweating bullets,\u201d to \u201ctrigger warnings\u201d and \u201cpulling the trigger\u201d \u2013 reflected a society obsessed with guns.<\/p>\n<p>But warspeak\u2019s tentacles extend much further. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=437ExXEvYzc\">Words and phrases derived from war imagery<\/a> crop up in advertisements, headlines and sports coverage. They\u2019ve inspired an entire lexicon deployed on social media and in politics.<\/p>\n<p>The intent might be as benign as the creative use of language. But I wonder if it communicates larger truths about American violence and polarization.<\/p>\n<h2>The political battlefield<\/h2>\n<p>For decades, America has been fighting metaphorical wars \u2013 wars on heart disease, drugs, smoking, cancer, poverty, advertising and illiteracy.<\/p>\n<p>Then there are the culture wars, which have intensified recently to include wars on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/19\/us\/war-on-christmas-controversy.html\">Christmas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/indepth\/opinion\/trump-worldwide-war-abortion-190729093420685.html\">abortion<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commentarymagazine.com\/politics-ideas\/the-war-on-bathroom-privacy\/\">bathrooms<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2017\/05\/07\/fbi-confirms-the-deadly-costs-of-a-war-on-cops\/\">cops<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_on_Women\">women<\/a>. These are different: They involve people on two sides of a polarizing issue.<\/p>\n<p>War targets an enemy \u2013 someone or something to be defeated, using whatever means necessary. It\u2019s one thing when you\u2019re at war with a disease. It\u2019s quite another when you\u2019re at war with a group of people on the other side of a political issue.<\/p>\n<p>The political arena seems to have become especially fertile ground for warspeak.<\/p>\n<p>Otherwise boring legislative machinations have been energized with the drama of a life or death struggle. The Republican-controlled Senate uses a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/nuclear-option-why-trumps-supreme-court-pick-needs-only-51-votes-in-the-senate\/\">nuclear option<\/a>\u201d to confirm judges by a simple majority of 51 votes rather than the older standard of 60 votes. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell\u2019s ability to speed along the appointment of conservative judges constitutes the latest volley in a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/07\/30\/746687036\/a-look-at-the-power-wielded-by-senate-majority-leader-mitch-mcconnell\">judicial arms race<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Elections deploy the language of military campaigns. Republican donors and lawmakers warned Trump <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2017\/12\/21\/2018-midterms-republicans-trump-warning-312404\">of a potential bloodbath<\/a> before the 2018 midterm elections. Meanwhile, Democrats running for president strategize in their campaign \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2016\/02\/16\/466898589\/2-strategists-reflect-on-presidential-campaigns-war-rooms\">war rooms<\/a>\u201d for ways to build up \u201cwar chests\u201d that will leave them with enough funds to compete in the \u201cbattleground states.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The political media reinforces it all. In its coverage of the July primary debates, The New York Times wrote that the moderates were \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/07\/30\/us\/politics\/democratic-debate-live.html\">throwing firebombs<\/a>\u201d at the progressives. Cory Booker, the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/2020-election\/biden-harris-rematch-detroit-second-democratic-debate-n1037546\">happy warrior<\/a>,\u201d sparred with former Vice President Joe Biden who \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2019\/08\/01\/biden-performed-better-second-debate-cnn-didnt\/?utm_term=.113f9bfa470f\">took incoming fire<\/a>\u201d all night, but \u201cshot back\u201d and survived, even as moderator Don Lemon \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/live-blog\/second-democratic-debate-night-one\/\">threw a generational warfare bomb<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Our semantic arsenals<\/h2>\n<p>Then there are the less obvious ways warspeak has become part of everyday speech.<\/p>\n<p>Baseball players mash bombs while basketball players drain three-point bombs. Social media is replete with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/photobomb\">photobombs<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=Tweetbomb\">tweet bombs<\/a>, and there are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MdHtAzFNwjE&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;t=334\">so many bombshells on cable news<\/a>, it\u2019s a miracle your TV hasn\u2019t exploded.<\/p>\n<p>Everything has been \u201cweaponized.\u201d According to Google\u2019s Ngram Viewer, the use of the word in print has increased by more than a factor of 10 between 1980 and 2008.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/ngrams\/interactive_chart?content=weaponized&amp;year_start=1980&amp;year_end=2008&amp;corpus=15&amp;smoothing=4&amp;share=&amp;direct_url=t1%3B%2Cweaponized%3B%2Cc0\" name=\"ngram_chart\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You might have seen it applied to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2018\/09\/02\/gillum-florida-race-robocalls-desantis-806122\">race<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2019\/06\/05\/weaponized-white-feminism-in-the-handmaids-tale-and-when-they-see-us\/\">feminism<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/148830\/weaponizing-children\">children<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2019\/04\/12\/new-low-trump-tried-use-migrants-canon-fodder-against-democrats\/?utm_term=.a0ae6b901edd\">immigrants<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/ice-is-imprisoning-a-record-44000-people\">Immigration and Customs Enforcement<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2019\/02\/18\/how-higher-education-has-been-weaponized-in-the-age-of-trump-and-how-it-can-be-redeemed\/\">higher education<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chronicle.com\/article\/How-the-Right-Weaponized-Free\/242142\">free speech<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/us.starsinsider.com\/music\/383179\/torture-tracks-songs-that-have-been-weaponized\">songs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But did you know that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/weaponize-a-term-for-arms-takes-aim-at-tennis-and-economics-1532704933\">tennis serves<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@overseasdem\/the-russians-weaponized-laughter-644d85aa2242\">laughter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/v40\/n09\/william-davies\/weaponising-paperwork\">paperwork<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/culture\/2017\/06\/al-franken-giant-of-the-senate-reviewed.html\">Midwestern niceness<\/a> can also, apparently, be weaponized?<\/p>\n<p>Then there are the warriors in our midst \u2013 the weekend warriors, gridiron warriors, keyboard warriors and spiritual warriors \u2013 while the country\u2019s future software engineers sign up for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cio.com\/article\/3222718\/the-10-best-coding-bootcamps.html\">coding boot camps<\/a> to learn their trade.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re all in the trenches, and most of us don\u2019t even know it.<\/p>\n<h2>Why warspeak matters<\/h2>\n<p>Semantic wars, like all wars, are costly. But the role of warspeak in today\u2019s society isn\u2019t as easily quantified as a military budget or body count.<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, I believe warspeak matters for three reasons.<\/p>\n<p>First, it degrades our ability to engage with one another about important issues. Law professors Oren Gross and Fionnuala Aolain <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.cornell.edu\/cjlpp\/vol24\/iss2\/1\">have written<\/a> about how the framing of issues as a \u201cwar\u201d can \u201csignificantly shape choices.\u201d There is an urgency that\u2019s communicated. Instantaneous action is required. Thought and reflection fall by the wayside.<\/p>\n<p>Second, in the context of politics, warspeak seems to be connected to violent political attitudes. In 2011, researchers at the University of Michigan <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2011-01-violent-political-rhetoric-fuels-attitudes.html\">found<\/a> that young adults exposed to political rhetoric charged with warspeak were more likely to endorse political violence.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, if everything from weather to sports is charged with violent imagery, perceptions and emotions become needlessly distorted. Political carnage and carnage in the classroom, weaponized songs and weapons of war, snipers on the hockey rink and mass shooters \u2013 all blur together across our cognitive maps.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s a reason why writers, talking heads and politicians deploy warspeak: It commands people\u2019s attention in an increasingly frenzied and fractured media environment.<\/p>\n<p>I wonder, however, if it contributes to political polarization \u2013 what Pew Research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/topics\/political-polarization\/2018\/\">describes<\/a> as the \u201cdefining feature of American politics today.\u201d And I wonder if it\u2019s one reason why, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/249098\/americans-stress-worry-anger-intensified-2018.aspx\">according to Gallup<\/a>, Americans\u2019 stress, worry and anger increased in 2018, to the highest point in a dozen years.<\/p>\n<p>One thing is clear: Americans no longer need to be enlisted in the Army to suffer from battle fatigue or be shell-shocked by the latest mass shooting.<\/p>\n<p>[ <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=expertise\">Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter and get a digest of academic takes on today\u2019s news, every day.<\/a><\/em> ]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/121356\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/robert-myers-784220\">Robert Myers<\/a>, Professor of Anthropology &amp; Public Health, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/alfred-university-3295\">Alfred University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-warspeak-permeating-everyday-language-puts-us-all-in-the-trenches-121356\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert Myers, Alfred University In a manifesto posted online shortly before he went on to massacre 22 people at an El Paso Walmart, Patrick Crusius cited the \u201cinvasion\u201d of Texas by Hispanics. In doing so, he echoed President Trump\u2019s rhetoric of an illegal immigrant \u201cinvasion.\u201d Think about what this word choice communicates: It signals an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":17479,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[538,372,149,700,876,97,2011],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17483"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17483"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17486,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17483\/revisions\/17486"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}