{"id":17564,"date":"2019-08-14T01:14:14","date_gmt":"2019-08-14T01:14:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=17564"},"modified":"2019-08-15T01:28:47","modified_gmt":"2019-08-15T01:28:47","slug":"fifty-years-ago-jimi-hendrixs-woodstock-anthem-expressed-the-hopes-and-fears-of-a-nation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/fifty-years-ago-jimi-hendrixs-woodstock-anthem-expressed-the-hopes-and-fears-of-a-nation\/","title":{"rendered":"Fifty years ago, Jimi Hendrix&#8217;s Woodstock anthem expressed the hopes and fears of a nation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mark-clague-783009\">Mark Clague<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-michigan-1290\">University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>One of the most powerful, searing renditions of the national anthem ever recorded, Jimi Hendrix\u2019s iconic Woodstock anthem, almost never happened.<\/p>\n<p>In his memoir, Hendrix\u2019s drummer, Mitch Mitchell, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=aJkHAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=%22mitch+mitchell%22+hendrix&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjh1Lq9jYDkAhXnYt8KHSxrAmsQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg\">admitted<\/a> that the band \u201chadn\u2019t rehearsed \u2026 or planned to do \u2018The Star-Spangled Banner\u2019 at Woodstock.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The festival was supposed to wrap up on Sunday night, but a series of delays, traffic jams and rainstorms had postponed the closing set until 9:00 a.m. the next day. Hendrix hadn\u2019t slept the night before.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix played for more than an hour that Monday morning before introducing his regular concert-closer, \u201cVoodoo Child (Slight Return).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThank you very much and goodnight,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justasktheaxis.org.uk\/anfons\/1120.asp\">he said<\/a>, as the band continued to jam. \u201cI\u2019d like to say peace, yeah, and happiness.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But then, instead of wrapping up his set, he launched into his iconic take on Francis Scott Key\u2019s song.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MwIymq0iTsw?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Hendrix performed the anthem as an encore.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fifty years after Hendrix performed \u201cThe Star-Spangled Banner\u201d at Woodstock, the rendition still serves as an exemplar of music\u2019s political potency. It inspired <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-society-for-american-music\/article\/this-is-america-jimi-hendrixs-star-spangled-banner-journey-as-psychedelic-citizenship\/0029FB312D1A8A9C61C0345C6DB59525\">my own scholarship<\/a> on the past, present and future of the national <a href=\"http:\/\/starspangledmusic.org\/\">anthem<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>What made Hendrix\u2019s rendition so remarkable was his ability to fuse protest horror with patriotism and hope.<\/p>\n<h2>A living, breathing anthem<\/h2>\n<p>Roused by the heroism of the soldiers who repelled the British attack on Baltimore\u2019s Fort McHenry during the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote the song in September 1814. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3l-n64NWHS4?t=13\">Using a well-known melody<\/a>, the lawyer-poet composed a new set of lyrics to fit the tune.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right \"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=829&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=829&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=829&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1042&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1042&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/287928\/original\/file-20190813-9415-1frz5f9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1042&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Francis Scott Key.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Francis_Scott_Key_by_Joseph_Wood_c1825.jpg\">Walters Art Museum<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the 19th century, it was common practice to write new lyrics to old songs as a way to comment on politics and culture \u2013 a tradition known as <a href=\"https:\/\/ebba.english.ucsb.edu\/page\/heyday-of-the-broadside-ballad\">broadside balladry<\/a>. So far my research has identified roughly 200 songs written to the tune of \u201cThe Star-Spangled Banner.\u201d The abolitionist lyric \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/starspangledmusic.org\/abolitionist-star-spangled-banner-oh-say-do-you-hear-1844\/\">Oh Say, Do You Hear?<\/a>\u201d is one particularly powerful example.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix, in a way, continued this tradition, updating the tune to say something about the world around him.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than change the words, however, Hendrix transformed the musical arrangement.<\/p>\n<h2>Mining the anthem\u2019s many meanings<\/h2>\n<p>Some might think Hendrix\u2019s Woodstock Banner was an on-the-spot improvisation. But he had actually been experimenting with the song for over a year, and he would continue to perform the anthem up until his untimely death in September 1970.<\/p>\n<p>In all, <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/Hendrix_ThisIsAmerica\">Hendrix performed the piece at least 70 times<\/a>, with his last known performance taking place almost a year after Woodstock \u2013 in Hawaii, on Aug. 1, 1970.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix sometimes titled his anthem renditions \u201cThis Is America,\u201d and his arrangements were as flexible as they were potent. They could be as short as three minutes or as long as six-and-a-half.<\/p>\n<p>Building off the traditional melody, Hendrix could paint a picture of patriotic pride or commercial corruption.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix knew how to celebrate the nation. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/4nAYisEOs1gXH8slCqsGfI?si=MyA3MRzdSEijaSfZ_s2ZDw\">his studio version of the anthem<\/a> is a patriotic fireworks display, bursting with overlapping layers of the traditional melody. It\u2019s decorated with sparkling trills, extra melodic passing tones and extreme octave shifts.<\/p>\n<p>At the other end of the symbolic spectrum are his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pastemagazine.com\/articles\/2012\/03\/jimi-hendrix-experience-this-is-america.html\">four anthem renditions that he recorded live at San Francisco\u2019s Winterland Ballroom<\/a> in October 1968. They begin with dark, atmospheric improvisations, punctuated by Mitchell\u2019s explosive drums, and include raucous quotes of TV advertising jingles and a distorted, out-of-tune version of the melody that devolves into the Civil War lament \u201cTaps.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix also knew how to blow up the anthem.<\/p>\n<h2>Fusing horror with hope<\/h2>\n<p>Woodstock was a social experiment \u2013 a cultural response to a decade of protest and fear.<\/p>\n<p>On one side, there was America\u2019s youth, outraged by racial injustice and war in Vietnam. On the other side, there was an establishment terrified by the social revolution taking place: new attitudes about sex, drugs, spirituality, racial equality and communal living.<\/p>\n<p>This generational collision came to a head on the wooden stage built at Max Yasgur\u2019s farm.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix was an unlikely countercultural hero. He was a mixed-race, rock icon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/pictures\/stars-who-served-in-the-military\/11\/\">who had served in the U.S. Army\u2019s 101st Airborne<\/a>, earning his \u201cScreaming Eagles\u201d patch as a paratrooper. While he escaped the military to pursue his musical career, he still had friends in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p>In his Woodstock anthem, Hendrix seems to mimics explosions, machine gunfire and a wailing emergency siren \u2013 musical images of horror.<\/p>\n<p>But these departures from the traditional melody don\u2019t dismantle the anthem. Instead, he plays notes that intone the words \u201cbombs bursting in air\u201d and \u201crockets red glare.\u201d He depicts, rather than destroys, the song.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix then plays the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/taps\">Taps<\/a>\u201d melody, a tune traditionally performed at military funerals to honor the sacrifice of service.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, he returns to the traditional anthem melody, offering a full and faithful conclusion to the song. He lingers on several words, extending the note sounding the word \u201cfree\u201d for six full seconds. His musical conclusion seems to echo the optimistic, if not triumphant, themes of the festival.<\/p>\n<p>When 400,000 arrived for a concert designed for, at most, half that number, a public health disaster loomed. Shortages of food, water, gas, and medical supplies, compounded by an impassable traffic jam foretold of suffering if not <a href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1969\/08\/16\/Thousands-flee-Woodstock-chaos-mud\/5321502589701\/\">violence<\/a>. Yet the community pulled together and a temporary city appeared. Rivers of mud made utopia impossible, but attendees persevered. Extra food was donated, volunteer doctors from the U.S. Army and Red Cross were flown in by helicopter, patience and peace reigned. Music held the world <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loudersound.com\/features\/desolation-row-what-really-happened-at-the-woodstock-festival-of-1969\">together<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hendrix used Key\u2019s anthem to reflect the America he experienced at Woodstock that weekend. It was a nation mired in contradiction, but also a community capable of pulling together.<\/p>\n<p>It was a cry of anguish and a vision of \u201cpeace, yeah, and happiness.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[ <em>You\u2019re smart and curious about the world. So are The Conversation\u2019s authors and editors.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=youresmart\">You can read us daily by subscribing to our newsletter<\/a>. ]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/120717\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mark-clague-783009\">Mark Clague<\/a>, Associate Professor of Musicology, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-michigan-1290\">University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/fifty-years-ago-jimi-hendrixs-woodstock-anthem-expressed-the-hopes-and-fears-of-a-nation-120717\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mark Clague, University of Michigan One of the most powerful, searing renditions of the national anthem ever recorded, Jimi Hendrix\u2019s iconic Woodstock anthem, almost never happened. In his memoir, Hendrix\u2019s drummer, Mitch Mitchell, admitted that the band \u201chadn\u2019t rehearsed \u2026 or planned to do \u2018The Star-Spangled Banner\u2019 at Woodstock.\u201d The festival was supposed to wrap [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":17562,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[6793,2034,6252,641,3232,1414,6792,6794],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17564"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17564"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17564\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17573,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17564\/revisions\/17573"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17564"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}