{"id":18526,"date":"2019-11-08T01:21:44","date_gmt":"2019-11-08T01:21:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=18526"},"modified":"2019-11-09T03:24:16","modified_gmt":"2019-11-09T03:24:16","slug":"wtf-slurs-offend-young-adults-more-than-swearing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wtf-slurs-offend-young-adults-more-than-swearing\/","title":{"rendered":"WTF? Slurs offend young adults more than swearing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/benjamin-bergen-858806\">Benjamin Bergen<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-san-diego-1314\">University of California San Diego<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>In 1972, the comedian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dacapopress.com\/titles\/james-sullivan\/seven-dirty-words\/9780786745920\/\">George Carlin<\/a> performed a comedy routine in which he listed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vbZhpf3sQxQ\">seven words<\/a> you couldn\u2019t say on television. He opined that profanity related to sexual activities, body parts and bodily functions wasn\u2019t inherently good or bad. All words, he would say, are \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/it\/lesson\/george-carlin-theyre-only-words-447259\/\">innocent<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=969&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=969&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=969&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1218&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1218&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300324\/original\/file-20191105-88387-1a4w2du.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1218&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The comedian George Carlin got arrested in 1972 for reciting dirty words at a Milwaukee festival.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/APTOPIX-Obit-George-Carlin\/f93de701d01140e7b20e29b260cccf3a\/96\/0\">AP Photo<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>But reciting those seven words in public <a href=\"https:\/\/markwalston.com\/2012\/03\/18\/george-carlin-utters-seven-words-and-is-arrested-for-public-obsenity\/\">got him arrested<\/a>, and when a New York radio station aired Carlin\u2019s performance, a man listening with his young son sued. The case led to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1977\/77-528\">Supreme Court ruling<\/a> six years later that broadcasting <a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/blog\/george-carlin-and-the-supreme-court-36-years-later\">profanity can constitute a public nuisance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=pJ8u7AQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">I\u2019m a cognitive scientist<\/a> who studies language in all its manifestations, including profanity. Based on the evidence available, it appears that virtually everything about profanity has changed since the 1970s. To begin with, at least four of those previously forbidden words have become pervasive in media, in <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08838150802643522\">television<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/2531602.2531734\">social media<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/jvwr-ojs-utexas.tdl.org\/jvwr\/index.php\/jvwr\/article\/download\/7274\/6406\">online gaming<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NYT_first_said\/status\/1191669974831706113\">newspapers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244017723689\">books<\/a>. Even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/11\/30\/politics\/politicians-profanity\/index.html\">politicians<\/a> across the political spectrum are <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/in-the-know\/in-the-know\/457732-f-bombs-away-why-lawmakers-are-cursing-now-more-than-ever\">beginning to swear<\/a> in more open and strategic ways than they used to.<\/p>\n<p>All of this cursing could be alarming if you\u2019re, say, a parent of young children, like I am. But as they\u2019ve become more prevalent, dirty words have also lost a lot of their edge among young people.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"Qrha8\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/Qrha8\/3\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Becoming more common and less upsetting<\/h2>\n<p>Every fall since 2010, I have surveyed about 100 undergraduates who take my introductory language class. I ask them how offensive words are, including \u201cwhore\u201d \u201cdamn\u201d and 90 others that seem unsuitable to print here.<\/p>\n<p>Most of Carlin\u2019s words seem less shocking today. The F-word really raised eyebrows in 1972. In 2019, it had dropped to 23rd in my survey, just ahead of \u201casshole.\u201d The S-word was No. 43, just ahead of \u201cdumb.\u201d Only two of Carlin\u2019s filthy words, both of which start with the letter C, even cracked the top 10. These rankings have barely budged over the past decade.<\/p>\n<p>So why do many bad words sting young people less than they used to?<\/p>\n<p>Partly it\u2019s because they\u2019re so common. People are now estimated to use an average of <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6924.2009.01115.x\">80-90 profanities per day<\/a>. In the most extensive <a href=\"http:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.126.4.0459\">observational work<\/a> with children to date, the psychologists Kristin and Timothy Jay found the F-word and the S-word to be the most commonly used profanities by children under the age of 13. So it\u2019s no shock that these words would lose their impact.<\/p>\n<p>But this doesn\u2019t mean young people find nothing offensive.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, they don\u2019t like slurs.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the second-most-offensive word according to the undergrads taking my survey this year is a different F-word \u2013 a three-letter slur used to disparage LGBTQ people. No. 4 is the R-word \u2013 a six-letter slur used against people with intellectual disabilities. These are among a host of slurs that even mental health professionals <a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10504\/38948\">once used without compunction<\/a> but that young adults like my students now reject.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=414&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=414&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=414&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=520&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=520&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300528\/original\/file-20191106-12455-v5th23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=520&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The large number of vulgar words in transcripts of President Nixon\u2019s taped conversations shocked the public.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Foul-Mouthed-Politicians\/04661ecebcea419895fbd9f22dd94e0a\/1\/0\">AP Photo<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Causing harm<\/h2>\n<p>Many hands have been wrung, and frequently, at the prospect that swearing might harm young minds. Fortunately, as I explain in \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.basicbooks.com\/titles\/benjamin-k-bergen\/what-the-f\/9780465060917\/se\">What the F<\/a>,\u201d a book, children who are exposed to these words exhibit no measurable cognitive, emotional or physical harm as a consequence.<\/p>\n<p>Now, I have to place a bulky caveat here. Ethical concerns prohibit randomized controlled trials, in which children are exposed to gushers of Carlin-worthy profanity. So scholars have to infer from what happens once those children become adults, when we can measure the relationship \u2013 if there is any \u2013 between their own swearing and their emotional and cognitive lives.<\/p>\n<p>On the cognitive side, swearing fluency in young adults is associated with <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langsci.2014.12.003\">having a bigger vocabulary<\/a>. People who curse more also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/is-swearing-a-sign-of-a-limited-vocabulary\/\">rate higher on \u201cintellect\u201d as a personality trait<\/a> than those who generally watch their language.<\/p>\n<p>One study, conducted by a team led by Brigham Young University family life professor Sarah Coyne, did suggest that adolescents who use more profanity are more likely to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-1062\">behave aggressively<\/a>. But this correlation is most likely due to aggression causing profanity use rather than the reverse.<\/p>\n<p>Slurs, on the other hand, do appear to cause harm. When a team of psychologists tracked <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0272431606294839\">middle school students<\/a>, they found that more exposure to homophobic slurs left children feeling less connected to their school and exhibiting increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. But, because that research didn\u2019t control all factors involved, it\u2019s possible that the negative emotional outcomes were caused by something the study didn\u2019t look at, not the slurs.<\/p>\n<p>Other researchers, however, has demonstrated that slurs can make people exhibit more prejudicial behavior. Teams led by social psychologist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.surrey.ac.uk\/people\/fabio-fasoli\">Fabio Fasoli<\/a>, for example, exposed undergraduates to either a slur for homosexuals or a neutral term. Then they asked the students to allocate hypothetical funds to a variety of causes. Those who had seen the slur decided to allocate less money to HIV-AIDS prevention efforts for \u201chigh risk groups.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/300326\/original\/file-20191105-88414-fofi23.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Words like \u2018queer\u2019 are no longer the slurs they once were.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/LGBTQ-Pride\/48862b42dca54b34af9ac9ef08dc1b20\/290\/0\">AP Photo\/Tina Fineberg<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Fading away<\/h2>\n<p>Even as some slurs have become more offensive, others have arguably lost their sting.<\/p>\n<p>Words like <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0956797613482943\">gay, dyke and queer<\/a> have become less offensive because the people who they used to disparage have adopted them to <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pragma.2014.02.009\">express confidence or pride in their identity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Other pejorative terms have faded away. Many <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rsdb.org\/races\">ethnic slurs like \u201cdago<\/a>,\u201d used at one point in time to disparage people of Italian and sometimes Spanish descent, and \u201ckraut,\u201d a derogatory way to refer to Germans and German-Americans, seem to have disappeared from youth consciousness entirely.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/125193\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/benjamin-bergen-858806\">Benjamin Bergen<\/a>, Professor of Cognitive Science; Director of the Language and Cognition Lab, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-san-diego-1314\">University of California San Diego<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/wtf-slurs-offend-young-adults-more-than-swearing-125193\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Benjamin Bergen, University of California San Diego In 1972, the comedian George Carlin performed a comedy routine in which he listed the seven words you couldn\u2019t say on television. He opined that profanity related to sexual activities, body parts and bodily functions wasn\u2019t inherently good or bad. All words, he would say, are \u201cinnocent.\u201d The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":18522,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[3420,2777,1741,132,4130,7212,7215,5437,2034,4586,149,7213,3348,7214,7211],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18526"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18526"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18530,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18526\/revisions\/18530"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18522"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}