{"id":18797,"date":"2019-12-05T20:25:38","date_gmt":"2019-12-05T20:25:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=18797"},"modified":"2019-12-06T10:08:56","modified_gmt":"2019-12-06T10:08:56","slug":"spinster-old-maid-or-self-partnered-why-words-for-single-women-have-changed-through-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/spinster-old-maid-or-self-partnered-why-words-for-single-women-have-changed-through-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Spinster, old maid or self-partnered \u2013 why words for single women have changed through time"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amy Froide<\/a>, University of Maryland, Baltimore County<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In a recent interview with Vogue<\/a>, actress Emma Watson opened up about being a single 30-year-old woman. Instead of calling herself single, however, she used the word \u201cself-partnered.\u201d <\/p>\n

I\u2019ve studied and written about<\/a> the history of single women, and this is the first time I am aware of \u201cself-partnered\u201d being used. We\u2019ll see if it catches on, but if it does, it will join the ever-growing list of words used to describe single women of a certain age. <\/p>\n

Women who were once called spinsters eventually started being called old maids. In 17th-century New England, there were also words like \u201cthornback<\/a>\u201d \u2013 a sea skate covered with thorny spines \u2013 used to describe single women older than 25.<\/p>\n

Attitudes toward single women have repeatedly shifted \u2013 and part of that attitude shift is reflected in the names given to unwed women.<\/p>\n

The rise of the \u2018singlewoman\u2019<\/h2>\n

Before the 17th century, women who weren\u2019t married were called maids, virgins or \u201cpuella,\u201d the Latin word for \u201cgirl.\u201d These words emphasized youth and chastity, and they presumed that women would only be single for a small portion of their life \u2013 a period of \u201cpre-marriage.\u201d <\/p>\n

But by the 17th century, new terms, such as \u201cspinster\u201d and \u201csinglewoman,\u201d emerged.<\/p>\n

What changed? The numbers of unwed women \u2013 or women who simply never married \u2013 started to grow.<\/p>\n

In the 1960s, demographer John Hajnal identified<\/a> the \u201cNorthwestern European Marriage Pattern,\u201d in which people in northwestern European countries such as England started marrying late \u2013 in their 30s and even 40s. A significant proportion of the populace didn\u2019t marry at all. In this region of Europe, it was the norm for married couples to start a new household when they married, which required accumulating a certain amount of wealth. Like today, young men and women worked and saved money before moving into a new home, a process that often delayed marriage. If marriage were delayed too long \u2013 or if people couldn\u2019t accumulate enough wealth \u2013 they might not marry at all. <\/p>\n

Now terms were needed for adult single women who might never marry. The term spinster transitioned from describing an occupation that employed many women<\/a> \u2013 a spinner of wool \u2013 to a legal term for an independent, unmarried woman.<\/p>\n

Single women made up, on average, 30% of the adult female population<\/a> in early modern England. My own research<\/a> on the town of Southampton found that in 1698, 34.2% of women over 18 were single, another 18.5% were widowed, and less than half, or 47.3%, were married. <\/p>\n

Many of us assume that past societies were more traditional than our own, with marriage more common. But my work shows that in 17th-century England, at any given time, more women were unmarried than married. It was a normal part of the era\u2019s life and culture.<\/p>\n

The pejorative \u2018old maid\u2019<\/h2>\n

In the late 1690s, the term old maid became common. The expression emphasizes the paradox of being old and yet still virginal and unmarried. It wasn\u2019t the only term that was tried out; the era\u2019s literature also poked fun<\/a> at \u201csuperannuated virgins.\u201d But because \u201cold maid\u201d trips off the tongue a little easier, it\u2019s the one that stuck.<\/p>\n

The undertones of this new word were decidedly critical.<\/p>\n

\u201cA Satyr upon Old Maids<\/a>,\u201d an anonymously written 1713 pamphlet, referred to never-married women as \u201codious,\u201d \u201cimpure\u201d and repugnant. Another common trope was that old maids would be punished for not marrying by \u201cleading apes in hell.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n \"\"<\/a>
\n A 1797 print depicts three \u2018old maids\u2019 leading strings of apes in hell.<\/span>
\n \u00a9 Trustees of the British Museum<\/a>, CC BY-NC-SA<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

At what point did a young, single woman become an old maid? There was a definitive line: In the 17th century, it was a woman in her mid-20s.<\/p>\n

For instance, the single poet Jane Barker wrote in her 1688 poem, \u201cA Virgin Life<\/a>,\u201d that she hoped she could remain \u201cFearless of twenty-five and all its train, \/ Of slights or scorns, or being called Old Maid.\u201d<\/p>\n

These negative terms came about as the numbers of single women continued to climb and marriage rates dropped. In the 1690s and early 1700s, English authorities became so worried about population decline that the government levied a Marriage Duty Tax<\/a>, requiring bachelors, widowers and some single women of means to pay what amounted to a fine for not being married.<\/p>\n

Still uneasy about being single<\/h2>\n

Today in the U.S., the median<\/a> first age at marriage for women is 28. For men, it\u2019s 30. <\/p>\n

What we\u2019re experiencing now isn\u2019t a historical first; instead, we\u2019ve essentially returned to a marriage pattern that was common 300 years ago. From the 18th century up until the mid-20th century, the average age at first marriage<\/a> dropped to a low of age 20 for women and age 22 for men. Then it began to rise again.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s a reason Vogue was asking Watson about her single status as she approached 30. To many, age 30 is a milestone for women<\/a> \u2013 the moment when, if they haven\u2019t already, they\u2019re supposed to go from being footloose and fancy-free to thinking about marriage, a family and a mortgage.<\/p>\n

Even if you\u2019re a wealthy and famous woman, you can\u2019t escape this cultural expectation. Male celebrities don\u2019t seem to be questioned about being single and 30.<\/p>\n

While no one would call Watson a spinster or old maid today, she nonetheless feels compelled to create a new term for her status: \u201cself-partnered.\u201d In what some have dubbed the \u201cage of self-care<\/a>,\u201d perhaps this term is no surprise. It seems to say, I\u2019m focused on myself and my own goals and needs. I don\u2019t need to focus on another person, whether it\u2019s a partner or a child. <\/p>\n

To me, though, it\u2019s ironic that the term \u201cself-partnered\u201d seems to elevate coupledom. Spinster, singlewoman or singleton: None of those terms openly refers to an absent partner. But self-partnered evokes a missing better half.<\/p>\n

It says something about our culture and gender expectations that despite her status and power, a woman like Watson still feels uncomfortable simply calling herself single.<\/p>\n

[ Like what you\u2019ve read? Want more?<\/em> Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s daily newsletter<\/a>. ]\"The<\/p>\n

Amy Froide<\/a>, Professor of History, University of Maryland, Baltimore County<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amy Froide, University of Maryland, Baltimore County In a recent interview with Vogue, actress Emma Watson opened up about being a single 30-year-old woman. Instead of calling herself single, however, she used the word \u201cself-partnered.\u201d I\u2019ve studied and written about the history of single women, and this is the first time I am aware of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":18798,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[204,365,191,314,457,185],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18797"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18797"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18799,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18797\/revisions\/18799"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}