{"id":19248,"date":"2020-01-11T06:04:07","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T06:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=19248"},"modified":"2020-01-12T08:06:52","modified_gmt":"2020-01-12T08:06:52","slug":"were-living-in-the-bizarre-world-that-flaubert-envisioned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/were-living-in-the-bizarre-world-that-flaubert-envisioned\/","title":{"rendered":"We’re living in the bizarre world that Flaubert envisioned"},"content":{"rendered":"

Susanna Lee<\/a>, Georgetown University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Are we all trapped in a live-action version of Flaubert\u2019s \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d?<\/p>\n

The Jan. 3 assassination of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani was followed by a torrent of contradictory narratives.<\/p>\n

Was Soleimani planning to attack Americans<\/a>? What about Vice President Mike Pence\u2019s erroneous assertion that Soleimani was involved in 9\/11<\/a>? Or was the plan all along to withdraw troops, as a letter accidentally sent<\/a> to the Iraqi government suggested?<\/p>\n

Was Trump simply trying to distract from his impeachment trial<\/a>? Was the attack the knee-jerk decision<\/a> of a malignant narcissist<\/a>? Or was it a reasonable response following months of Iranian provocations<\/a>?<\/p>\n

Were Democrats mourning Soleimani\u2019s death<\/a>? Or were they also responsible for the attack<\/a>?<\/p>\n

Each burst of accusations and justifications has elicited a flood of public responses, expert opinions and efforts to correct a record full of hostilities and absurdities.<\/p>\n

Many might feel bewildered and demoralized. But fans of the 19th-century French novel have seen this before.<\/p>\n

In a 1852 letter, French author Gustave Flaubert mused<\/a>, \u201cWhen will we write the facts from the point of view of a\u00a0cosmic joke, that is as God sees them from on high?\u201d<\/p>\n

He answered his own question in his 1857 novel, \u201cMadame Bovary<\/a>,\u201d which he published during the regime of Napoleon III \u2013 the French president whose autocratic ambitions were aided by a swirl of misinformation and warring political factions.<\/p>\n

When language loses all meaning<\/h2>\n

As I\u2019ve previously written<\/a>, \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d traffics in deliberate meaninglessness, or, as literary critic Leo Bersani put it<\/a>, the \u201carbitrary, insignificant, inexpressive nature of language.\u201d<\/p>\n

The main character, Emma Bovary, has devoured romantic novels and is disillusioned by a provincial existence that has proven dull. Her search for excitement and escape leads to adulterous disasters and financial ruin.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s a common enough premise, but what makes \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d unique is its insistence on the unreliability of narratives, phrases, descriptions and words. All the characters, from the callow manipulators to the well-meaning dullards, are awash in clich\u00e9. Emma and her future lover, L\u00e9on, declare that they love sunsets by the seaside, though neither has been to the ocean. The pharmacist Homais counsels prudence to others, though no one listens, and he himself is ruthlessly ambitious; the novel ends with him receiving the cross of the Legion of Honor. L\u00e9on tells Emma that he wanted to be buried in a rug she gave him, though the narrator reveals that this is false.<\/p>\n

It isn\u2019t even that everyone in the novel lies; some earnest characters really mean what they say. The problem is that language itself has had the meaning drained out of it by a combination of insincerity, repetition and bombast. In a famous scene at an agricultural fair, the audience of attentive townspeople hangs on every word of a mind-numbing, meandering speech about crops<\/a>: \u201cHere we have the vine, there we have the cider apple, further on we have cheese, and flax!\u201d<\/p>\n

When the fireworks planned for the event\u2019s grand finale sputter out, the newspaper nonetheless reports that they went off without a hitch, describing them<\/a> as a \u201cveritable kaleidoscope, a true stage-setting for an opera.\u201d No one cares that the description is made up.<\/p>\n

The ultimate punchline of Flaubert\u2019s cosmic joke is that the narrator himself is a master of subtle confusion. He starts the story in the first person, positioning himself as a schoolmate of Emma\u2019s husband, before changing abruptly to the third person. Some of his accounts are straightforward and dispassionate. Others are entirely confounding. Descriptions of a boy\u2019s cap, a wedding cake and a medical device are so detailed \u2013 and yet so baffling \u2013 that readers find themselves unable to even imagine what they might look like.<\/p>\n

\u201cI want to produce such an impression of utter weariness and ennui,\u201d Flaubert later wrote<\/a> in the plans for a subsequent literary project, \u201cthat my readers will imagine the book could only have been written by a cretin.\u201d<\/p>\n

France in political turmoil<\/h2>\n

Flaubert didn\u2019t write \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d in a vacuum. As he was starting the novel in 1851, elected President Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte was staging the coup d\u2019\u00e9tat that would transform him from president to emperor.<\/p>\n

Bonaparte gave his followers important positions, reminded soldiers of their oath of \u201cpassive obedience<\/a>\u201d and crushed parliamentarian revolts and rural insurrections<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Portrait of Napoleon III.<\/span>
\nNapoleonic Museum<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Roughly 10,000 political opponents were deported to penal colonies<\/a>. Victor Hugo, a staunch opponent of the coup<\/a>, fled to Brussels, while Alexis de Tocqueville retired from political life to avoid joining the regime<\/a>.<\/p>\n

French citizens found themselves bewildered and disoriented. Journalist and politician Eug\u00e8ne T\u00e9not, writing an account of the coup in 1868, warned readers<\/a> that \u201cno truthful narrative of that event has been published in France.\u201d He also remarked that \u201cnarratives written in troubled times are always imbued with partiality, exaggeration, injustice, even bad faith.\u201d<\/p>\n

In an open letter published in December 1851, Bonaparte announced the dissolution of the National Assembly, which he called<\/a> a \u201chotbed of conspiracies.\u201d In January 1852 he put in place a new constitution, all the while accusing<\/a> \u201cd\u00e9magogues\u201d of spreading \u201cfausses nouvelles\u201d (\u201cfake news\u201d). In December 1852, Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte became Napol\u00e9on III. France\u2019s Second Empire commenced.<\/p>\n

Described as \u201cthe first modern dictator<\/a>\u201d and \u201cone of the first modern leaders to rule by propaganda<\/a>,\u201d Bonaparte went from being France\u2019s first elected president to its last emperor. The Second Empire lasted until 1870, when the emperor, conscious of his declining popularity, declared war on Prussia<\/a> \u2013 and lost.<\/p>\n

Echoes today<\/h2>\n

France\u2019s political upheaval, misinformation wars, sporadic uprisings and public confusion likely left a deep impression on Flaubert.<\/p>\n

Americans today might sympathize with his characters, who exist in an endless vortex of repetition, insincerity and stupidity.<\/p>\n

Recent technological advances are partially to blame.<\/p>\n

Over the past decade, abundant research has emerged on media oversaturation<\/a>, narrative overload<\/a> and the deluge of digital images<\/a> \u2013 and what this does to the brain. Incessant stimuli and distractions lead to memory impairment, confusion and troubles with retention.<\/p>\n

These conditions are ripe for political warfare.<\/p>\n

In his 2014 book \u201cThe Contradictions of Media Power<\/a>,\u201d media studies professor Das Freedman wrote that, in times of political instability, \u201cexisting narratives are under stress and audiences themselves are actively seeking out new perspectives.\u201d Information wars and fake news seem to be endemic during times of political upheaval.<\/p>\n

In many ways, we\u2019re living out an extreme version of the cosmic joke Flaubert envisioned.<\/p>\n

A continual stream of tedious lies, meaningless clich\u00e9s and empty grandstanding has disillusioned Americans just as much as it confounded Emma Bovary. Lieuvain\u2019s boring, bizarre address at the agricultural fair has its modern equivalents \u2013 think of Trump\u2019s meandering rally speeches<\/a>, or his complaints about toilet flushing<\/a> and cancer-causing windmills<\/a>. Republican Congressman Devin Nunes is currently suing a fictitious cow for defamation<\/a>, while the president\u2019s supporters applauded the statement that there was a war on \u201cThanksgiving<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

With the assassination of Soleimani, disregard for truth and reality \u2013 and examples of Madame Bovary-esque word salad \u2013 remains as blatant as ever. Mike Pence\u2019s reference to Soleimani\u2019s involvement in 9\/11<\/a> is as detached from reality as Emma\u2019s vision of Roman ruins bordering a forest of tigers, camels, swans, sultans and English ladies.<\/p>\n

The flood of narrative confusion continues unabated. Only time will tell if Iran becomes the Prussia of 21st-century America.<\/p>\n

[ Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter and get a digest of academic takes on today\u2019s news, every day.<\/a><\/em> ]\"The<\/p>\n

Susanna Lee<\/a>, Professor of French and Comparative Literature, Georgetown University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Susanna Lee, Georgetown University Are we all trapped in a live-action version of Flaubert\u2019s \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d? The Jan. 3 assassination of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani was followed by a torrent of contradictory narratives. Was Soleimani planning to attack Americans? What about Vice President Mike Pence\u2019s erroneous assertion that Soleimani was involved in 9\/11? Or was […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":19250,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[7516,1743,7513,2034,7517,2122,149,5188,1740,7515,7514,7518],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19248"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19248"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19264,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19248\/revisions\/19264"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}