{"id":19473,"date":"2020-01-30T09:35:26","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T09:35:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=19473"},"modified":"2020-01-31T15:41:20","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T15:41:20","slug":"limiting-senate-inquiry-ignores-founders-intent-for-impeachment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/limiting-senate-inquiry-ignores-founders-intent-for-impeachment\/","title":{"rendered":"Limiting Senate inquiry ignores Founders&#8217; intent for impeachment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clark-d-cunningham-299243\">Clark D. Cunningham<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-state-university-957\">Georgia State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Senators will soon decide whether to dismiss the articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump without hearing any witnesses. In making this decision, I believe they should consider words spoken at the Constitutional Convention, when the Founders decided that an impeachment process was needed to provide a \u201cregular examination,\u201d to quote Benjamin Franklin.<\/p>\n<p>A critical debate took place on July 20, 1787, which resulted in adding the impeachment clause to the U.S. Constitution. Franklin, the oldest and probably wisest delegate at the Constitutional Convention, said that when the president falls under suspicion, a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=71\">regular and peaceable inquiry<\/a>\u201d is needed.<\/p>\n<p>In my work as a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.clarkcunningham.org\/\">law professor<\/a> studying <a href=\"http:\/\/www.clarkcunningham.org\/OriginalMeaning.html\">original texts<\/a> about the U.S. Constitution, I\u2019ve read statements made at the Constitutional Convention that demonstrate the Founders viewed impeachment as a regular practice, with three purposes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To provide a fair and reliable method to resolve suspicions about misconduct;<\/li>\n<li>To remind both the country and the president that he is not above the law;<\/li>\n<li>To deter abuses of power.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Good for the president and the country<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=734&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=734&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=734&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=923&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=923&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294443\/original\/file-20190926-51438-chhu7p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=923&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Benjamin_Franklin_by_Joseph_Duplessis_1778.jpg\">Joseph Duplessis\/National Portrait Gallery\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Franklin persuasively argued that impeachment was a process that could be \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">favorable<\/a>\u201d to the president, saying it is the best way to provide for \u201cthe <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">regular punishment<\/a> of the executive when his misconduct should deserve it and for his <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">honorable acquittal<\/a> when he should be unjustly accused.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Franklin may have carried the debate when he <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=70\">told his fellow delegates the story<\/a> of a recent dispute that had greatly troubled the Dutch Republic.<\/p>\n<p>One of the Dutch leaders, William V, the prince of Orange, was suspected to have secretly sabotaged a critical alliance with France. The Dutch had no impeachment process and thus no way to conduct \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=71\">a regular examination<\/a>\u201d of these allegations. These suspicions mounted, giving rise \u201cto the <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=71&amp;\">most violent animosities &amp; contentions<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The moral to Franklin\u2019s story? As Franklin put it, if Prince William had \u201cbeen impeachable, a regular &amp; peaceable inquiry would have taken place.\u201d The prince would, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=71\">if guilty, have been duly punished \u2013 if innocent, restored to the confidence of the public<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Main goal was preventing abuse of power<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294441\/original\/file-20190926-51425-1fa1c8y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">George Mason of Virginia.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:George_Mason_portrait.jpg\">Library of Congress\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=733&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=733&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=733&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=921&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=921&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/294442\/original\/file-20190926-51429-1azrxng.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=921&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">James Madison of Virginia.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:James_Madison(cropped)(c).jpg\">White House Historical Association\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/312926\/original\/file-20200130-41485-13hc06l.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">William R. Davie of North Carolina.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:WilliamRichardsonDavieByCharlesWillsonPeale.jpg\">Charles Willson Peale\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Many Constitutional Convention delegates agreed with the assertion by George Mason of Virginia that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">no point is of more importance<\/a> \u2026 than the right of impeachment\u201d because no one is \u201cabove justice.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the discussions leading to the decision to add the impeachment clause to the Constitution, a recurrent reason was raised: concern that the president would abuse his power. George Mason described the president as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">man who can commit the most extensive injustice<\/a>.\u201d James Madison thought the president might \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=68\">pervert his administration<\/a> into a scheme of [stealing public funds] or oppression or <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=69\">betray his trust to foreign powers<\/a>.\u201d Edmund Randolph, governor of Virginia, said the president \u201cwill have <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=70\">great opportunitys of abusing his power<\/a>; particularly in time of war when the military force, and in some respects the public money will be in his hands.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania worried that the president \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=71\">may be bribed by a greater interest to betray his trust<\/a> and no one would say that we ought to expose ourselves to the danger of seeing [him] in foreign pay.\u201d James Madison, himself a future president, said that in the case of the president, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=69\">corruption was within the compass of probable events<\/a> \u2026 and might be fatal to the Republic.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts pointed out that a good president will not worry about impeachment, but a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=69\">bad one ought to be kept in fear<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A final word from the founding that has special resonance to the Senate\u2019s current discussions: William R. Davie of North Carolina argued that impeachment was \u201can essential security for the good behaviour\u201d of the president; otherwise, \u201che will spare no efforts or means whatever to <a href=\"https:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/ampage?collId=llfr&amp;fileName=002\/llfr002.db&amp;recNum=67\">get himself re-elected<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Editor\u2019s note: This is an updated version of an <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/founders-removal-from-office-is-not-the-only-purpose-of-impeachment-124254\">article<\/a> originally published Sept. 26, 2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[ <em>Like what you\u2019ve read? Want more?<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=likethis\">Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s daily newsletter<\/a>. ]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/130922\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clark-d-cunningham-299243\">Clark D. Cunningham<\/a>, W. Lee Burge Chair in Law &amp; Ethics; Director, National Institute for Teaching Ethics &amp; Professionalism, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-state-university-957\">Georgia State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/limiting-senate-inquiry-ignores-founders-intent-for-impeachment-130922\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Clark D. Cunningham, Georgia State University Senators will soon decide whether to dismiss the articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump without hearing any witnesses. In making this decision, I believe they should consider words spoken at the Constitutional Convention, when the Founders decided that an impeachment process was needed to provide a \u201cregular examination,\u201d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":19474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[7603,7601,7602,479,672,7207,2587,3236,1666],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19473"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19473"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19473\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19486,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19473\/revisions\/19486"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19473"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19473"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}