{"id":19815,"date":"2020-03-02T23:16:36","date_gmt":"2020-03-02T23:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=19815"},"modified":"2020-03-03T13:45:20","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:45:20","slug":"a-brief-history-of-invisibility-on-screen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/a-brief-history-of-invisibility-on-screen\/","title":{"rendered":"A brief history of invisibility on screen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/marc-longenecker-942400\">Marc Longenecker<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/wesleyan-university-1361\">Wesleyan University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>What would you do if you could be invisible? Would this newfound power bring out the best in you, instilling you with the courage to discreetly sabotage the efforts of evildoers? Or would the ability to slip in and out of rooms unnoticed tap into darker impulses?<\/p>\n<p>This alluring fantasy has long been fodder for filmmakers, many of whom have taken cues from the eponymous character in H.G. Wells\u2019 1897 novel, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Invisible_Man\/vdAOAAAAIAAJ?hl=en\">The Invisible Man<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>First adapted to the screen in 1933, the invisible man (and his descendents) appeared in six films from 1933 to 1951. Now, he\u2019ll be making his latest screen (dis)appearance in a film directed by Leigh Whannell. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1051906\/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4\">This iteration<\/a> takes a horror-movie tack: Its protagonist, played by Elisabeth Moss, is harassed by an ex who has faked his own death. But beyond \u201cThe Invisible Man\u201d franchise, the concept of invisibility has inspired a raft of movies over the decades.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wesleyan.edu\/academics\/faculty\/mlongenecker\/profile.html\">As a film professor who studies adaptations and series<\/a>, I\u2019m most interested in the versatility of these invisible characters. They can star in cautionary tales or embody underdog heroes; they can act as vessels for social critique or vehicles for masochistic power fantasies.<\/p>\n<h2>The mechanics of invisibility<\/h2>\n<p>For almost as long as people have been appearing onscreen, they\u2019ve been disappearing. French illusionist and experimental filmmaker <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mentalfloss.com\/article\/72124\/5-pioneering-facts-about-georges-melies\">Georges M\u00e9li\u00e8s<\/a> was one of the first to toy with the concept of invisibility. Using hidden cuts, he would create the illusion of a character vanishing into thin air.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YezJqdx7AuU?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Georges M\u00e9li\u00e8s was one of the first filmmakers to experiment with invisibility.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Universal\u2019s 1933 \u201cThe Invisible Man\u201d was the first official adaptation of the Wells novel. Depicting an invisible character over the course of a film was no small task. But director James Whale came up with ingenious solutions that other filmmakers would later mimic.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=904&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=904&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=904&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1136&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1136&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/317645\/original\/file-20200227-24651-191hb6c.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1136&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The original adaptation of H.G. Wells\u2019 \u2018The Invisible Man\u2019 featured the iconic costume of sunglasses and a wrapped head.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/The_Invisible_Man_%281933_poster_-_Style_B%29.jpg\">Universal Pictures<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The costume Whale created \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn2us.denofgeek.com\/sites\/denofgeekus\/files\/styles\/main_wide\/public\/2019\/02\/the-invisible-man.jpg?itok=bGORzDEq\">a bandaged head, dark glasses, overcoat and gloves<\/a> \u2013 became the default way to represent an invisible character on screen.<\/p>\n<p>When the invisible character isn\u2019t wearing the costume, props manipulated by wires or unseen hands would signal his presence: a bicycle rolling down the street, collapsing cushions and rocking chairs. The invisible man also, helpfully, talks a lot.<\/p>\n<p>Amazingly, all of this was done without green screens or CGI. To create the effect of invisible body parts in scenes where actor Claude Rains is wearing a suit and hat, Whale had Rains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4ysmepAjLIs&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;t=863%22\">wear a black velvet suit and be filmed against a black velvet background<\/a>. The filmmakers then used this footage to composite the actor\u2019s props and costumes into the rest of the scene, making him appear invisible within the space.<\/p>\n<h2>The many faces of invisibility<\/h2>\n<p>More and more films would go on to explore the power of invisibility. But it never came to serve any one specific purpose.<\/p>\n<p>H.G. Wells had script approval over the 1933 version, so it remains relatively faithful to his original work. Like the novel, the film is about a loner scientist who chooses to test an invisibility serum he\u2019s developed on himself \u2013 only to realize he can\u2019t reverse the effects.<\/p>\n<p>Wells\u2019 invisible man is an anti-hero; despite a gradual slide into violent megalomania, we\u2019re supposed to see a tragedy of scientific ambition \u2013 and its effect on someone who loses self, soul and life in pursuit of progress.<\/p>\n<p>But starting in 1934, <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/end-american-film-censorship\/\">increased enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code<\/a> encouraged films to be written with a clearer moral framework. So subsequent studio-era versions tended to couch invisible characters as victims who wielded the power of invisibility to right a wrong.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in 1940\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0032635\/\">The Invisible Man Returns<\/a>\u201d and 1951\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0043255\/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1\">Abbot and Costello Meet the Invisible Man<\/a>,\u201d sympathetic scientists turn wrongfully accused men invisible so they can escape capture, discover who framed them and clear their names.<\/p>\n<p>In \u201cInvisible Agent,\u201d a descendant of the original invisible man agrees to distribute the invisibility serum to the U.S. military to help combat the Nazis. <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.ischool.berkeley.edu\/i103su09\/structure-projects-assignments\/research-project\/projects-and-presentations\/film-as-propaganda-in-america-during-wwii\/\">Working in service of Hollywood\u2019s propaganda goals<\/a>, this is the most overtly heroic version.<\/p>\n<p>1940\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0032637\/?ref_=fn_al_tt_3\">The Invisible Woman<\/a>,\u201d on the other hand, addresses wider social injustices. It tells the story of a frustrated working girl who answers a kooky inventor\u2019s ad and agrees to test-run his invisibility machine. It works \u2013 and she immediately decides to exact revenge on her cruel boss, spooking him with her disembodied voice and threatening him until he agrees to enact better working conditions.<\/p>\n<p>This film offers a variation on another recurring scenario in films that feature invisible characters: The disembodied voice of the invisible hero lectures a bewildered, frightened antagonist, assuming the voice of someone\u2019s conscience, a ghostly judge or a voice of God.<\/p>\n<p>In a way, she gives voice to everything an audience might fantasize about saying to a belittling authority figure, whether it\u2019s a boss, policeman or teacher.<\/p>\n<h2>A return to cynicism<\/h2>\n<p>As time goes on, films featuring invisible characters swung back towards exploring the slippery slope of granting people this superpower.<\/p>\n<p>In \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0036959\/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0\">The Invisible Man\u2019s Revenge<\/a>,\u201d the psychologically damaged protagonist wants to exact revenge on former friends he thinks have cheated him. As luck would have it, he conveniently stumbles upon a mad scientist willing to lend him a hand. Yes, he ends up being felled by a heroic dog, but the film nonetheless creatively imagines the horrors of power in the wrong hands.<\/p>\n<p>More recently, 2000\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0164052\/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0\">Hollow Man<\/a>\u201d has a title that suggests both the literal and symbolic effects of invisibility. Its invisible lead is an arrogant, entitled scientist who \u2013 like Wells\u2019 protagonist \u2013 experiments on himself. But as he explores his powers of invisibility, he indulges himself in increasingly violent ways. Director Paul Verhoeven is known for his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0114436\/\">lurid<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt3716530\/\">often vicious<\/a> social critiques, and \u201cHollow Man\u201d is no different: Key scenes are shot from behind the eyes of the power-mad invisible villain as he prepares to sexually assault a neighbor, forcing viewers to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2000\/08\/04\/hollow_man\/\">uncomfortably consider their identification with the predator<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In a sign that times continue to change, the invisible subgenre\u2019s 2020 entry contains a timely social critique. Rather than indulging viewers in a power fantasy, the perspective shifts back to the victim. As she attempts to convince others that her abusive ex is still alive and harassing her, it isn\u2019t difficult to sense cultural undercurrents of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/01\/22\/us\/toxic-masculinity.html\">toxic masculinity<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/01\/metoos-legacy\">society\u2019s unwillingness to listen to victims<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>Insight, in your inbox each day.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=insight\">You can get it with The Conversation\u2019s email newsletter<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/130175\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/marc-longenecker-942400\">Marc Longenecker<\/a>, Assistant Professor of the Practice in Film Studies, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/wesleyan-university-1361\">Wesleyan University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-brief-history-of-invisibility-on-screen-130175\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marc Longenecker, Wesleyan University What would you do if you could be invisible? Would this newfound power bring out the best in you, instilling you with the courage to discreetly sabotage the efforts of evildoers? Or would the ability to slip in and out of rooms unnoticed tap into darker impulses? This alluring fantasy has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":19816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293],"tags":[5920,7730,6251,2876,3771,7729,2225,4618],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19815"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19815"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19838,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19815\/revisions\/19838"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}