{"id":21386,"date":"2020-07-18T05:39:53","date_gmt":"2020-07-18T05:39:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=21386"},"modified":"2020-07-24T13:53:20","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T13:53:20","slug":"research-on-voting-by-mail-says-its-safe-from-fraud-and-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/research-on-voting-by-mail-says-its-safe-from-fraud-and-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"Research on voting by mail says it&#8217;s safe \u2013 from fraud and disease"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/edie-goldenberg-1131855\">Edie Goldenberg<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-michigan-1290\">University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>As millions of Americans prepare to vote in November \u2013 and in many cases, primaries and state and local elections through the summer as well \u2013 lots of people are talking about <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/some-states-more-ready-for-mail-in-voting-than-others-136458\">voting by mail<\/a>. It is a way to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/protecting-every-voters-ballot-6-essential-reads-91881\">protect the integrity of the country\u2019s voting system<\/a> and to limit potential exposure to the coronavirus, which <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-us-isnt-in-a-second-wave-of-coronavirus-the-first-wave-never-ended-141032\">continues to spread widely<\/a> in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>I am a political scientist and part of a National Academy of Public Administration working group offering recommendations to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napawash.org\/grandchallenges\/blog\/election-2020-electoral-integrity-and-voter-participation\">ensure voter participation as well as public confidence<\/a> in the election process and the outcome during this coronavirus pandemic. To meet that goal, our work has found that state and local governments will need to make significant adjustments to their voting systems this year \u2013 changes that will likely require new federal funding.<\/p>\n<p>Our recommendations \u2013 which include ways to reduce health risks from in-person voting as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napawash.org\/uploads\/Election_2020-Electoral_Integrity_and_Voter_Participation_FINAL_06-19-20_(00000002).pdf\">to expand access to, and ease the process of, mail-in voting<\/a> \u2013 are based on a thorough review of the evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Some critics \u2013 including President Donald Trump \u2013 have <a href=\"https:\/\/nymag.com\/intelligencer\/2020\/06\/every-trump-ally-who-has-voted-by-mail-list.html\">cast doubt on the integrity of mail-in voting<\/a>, even though some of them have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/trump-ever-voted-by-mail\/\">voted by mail<\/a> in the past. Conservative groups are <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2020\/07\/conservative-groups-sue-to-make-pandemic-voting-even-harder.html\">suing to limit mail-in voting<\/a>, and some <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2020\/07\/supreme-court-voting-rights-alabama-texas-wisconsin-florida.html\">federal judges seem reluctant<\/a> to defend voters\u2019 rights if it means intervening in state-level decisions. The president\u2019s reelection campaign is suing to block mail-in voting at the same time it <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trumps-attacks-on-mail-voting-are-turning-republicans-off-absentee-ballots\/2020\/07\/07\/640b6126-bbd4-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html\">pushes his backers to be ready<\/a> to vote by mail.<\/p>\n<p>The evidence we reviewed finds that voting by mail is rarely subject to fraud, does not give an advantage to one political party over another and can in fact inspire public confidence in the voting process, if done properly.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"pOULd\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/pOULd\/2\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Voter fraud is rare overall, and rarer by mail<\/h2>\n<p>When fraud does occur, election administrators identify it and take action, correcting election returns and prosecuting those responsible. That\u2019s what happened <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/07\/30\/746800630\/north-carolina-gop-operative-faces-new-felony-charges-that-allege-ballot-fraud\">in North Carolina in 2018<\/a>, when a Republican political activist paid others to collect incomplete absentee ballots so they could be filled out to vote for the Republican candidate. The activist was arrested, charged and convicted \u2013 and the entire election was invalidated and run again.<\/p>\n<p>But overall <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.polisci.11.053006.190912\">election fraud is rare<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heritage.org\/voterfraud\">database of election fraud reports<\/a> maintained by the conservative Heritage Foundation reports approximately <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/campaign\/494189-lets-put-the-vote-by-mail-fraud-myth-to-rest\">1,200 allegations of voter fraud<\/a> \u2013 for which there were 1,100 criminal convictions \u2013 for voter fraud since 2000.<\/p>\n<p>Of those, only 204 allegations, and 143 convictions, involved mail-in ballots. That is a tiny fraction of the roughly 250 million mail-in ballots cast over those two decades. In addition, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2020\/06\/02\/low-rates-of-fraud-in-vote-by-mail-states-show-the-benefits-outweigh-the-risks\/\">problems are extremely rare<\/a> in states that rely primarily on vote by mail.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, any voting system must be protected against fraud. Election officials are already doing that, including prosecuting fraud attempts.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346444\/original\/file-20200708-47-1a6cx6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Election officials across the country have experienced floods of mail-in ballots for primary and state elections, and may see even more in November.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Election-2020-Ohio-Primary\/b18a1a83c56943ff87ad3fa6e9cd4785\/33\/0\">AP Photo\/Tony Dejak<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>No partisan advantage<\/h2>\n<p>Allowing people to vote by mail does not give one party an advantage over the other \u2013 either in terms of party members who turn out to vote, or the outcome of the election.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the finding from <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1065912911398048\">several<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voteathome.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/CO-All-Mail-Voting-2020-Paper.pdf\">recent<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/siepr.stanford.edu\/research\/publications\/neutral-partisan-effects-vote-mail-evidence-county-level-roll-outs\">studies<\/a>, which confirm what earlier research had found.<\/p>\n<p>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/the-daily-3?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=experts\">Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter and get expert takes on today\u2019s news, every day.<\/a><\/em>]<\/p>\n<p>As far back as 2001, Oregon\u2019s vote-by-mail system was found <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/322196\">not to disproportionately mobilize or discourage<\/a> voting by Democrats or Republicans. In 2008, a study found <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electstud.2008.05.007\">little difference between Democratic and Republican voters<\/a> in Los Angeles County, in terms of who voted by absentee ballot or whose ballots were disqualified.<\/p>\n<p>A recent survey has found that people of all political stripes who are concerned about the coronavirus pandemic <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/yatjc\">support letting everyone vote<\/a> by mail.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346445\/original\/file-20200708-35-8stfm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">In-person voting may require long waits and social distancing. Mail-in ballots are more efficient and less prone to spreading disease.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Maryland-Primary-Election\/7d1c46337c904e29b9099a6b6799dbb4\/10\/0\">AP Photo\/Brian Witte<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The public can learn to trust mail-in voting<\/h2>\n<p>There is one problem with mail-in voting, but it\u2019s a problem with voting overall: A 2019 Gallup poll found that <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/285608\/faith-elections-relatively-short-supply.aspx\">59% of Americans lack confidence<\/a> in the honesty of elections for a range of reasons, including concerns about interference from foreign powers or domestic political elites, security worries and general frustration.<\/p>\n<p>Americans\u2019 confidence is <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/285608\/faith-elections-relatively-short-supply.aspx\">lower than that reported<\/a> in almost every other democratic country.<\/p>\n<p>With voting by mail, research has found people to be more concerned that their vote will not be counted correctly, as compared with voting in person. One 2008 study found that <a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1721.1\/96587\">white absentee voters were less confident<\/a> their ballots would be counted correctly than white in-person voters.<\/p>\n<p>A 2008 telephone survey found that <a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10355\/2520\">about half of respondents<\/a> were concerned that mail-in voting might lead to increased fraud, though the report on survey results didn\u2019t describe specific types of fraud the respondents feared.<\/p>\n<p>Research from 2015 mostly confirmed those findings, revealing that people in states with more absentee voting <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/elj.2014.0270\">tend to believe<\/a> that various types of voter fraud are more common. That same study also found that<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/elj.2014.0270\">absentee voters are less confident<\/a> their vote will count than people who voted in person either before Election Day or on the day itself.<\/p>\n<p>Some concerns about mailed-in ballots not being counted may be legitimate: A 2018 study in Florida found that mailed-in ballots from younger voters and voters who needed assistance marking their ballots <a href=\"https:\/\/electionscience.clas.ufl.edu\/files\/2020\/04\/Baringer_Herron_Smith_VBM_FL.pdf\">were rejected more often<\/a> than others. That indicates standards for rejecting mailed-in ballots may not be uniform, or that some voters\u2019 signatures change over time in ways election officials may not expect or accept.<\/p>\n<p>However, research from California in 2011 found that frequent public communication from election officials can <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/elj.2010.0079\">increase voters\u2019 faith in voting by mail<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/346446\/original\/file-20200708-3995-mtf4cn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Many districts that allow voting by mail also have dedicated drop-off boxes for people to submit their ballots.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apimages.com\/metadata\/Index\/Virus-Outbreak-Election-2020-Pennsylvania\/7c281339ce6e4baa9dab04cc8e8a1b80\/66\/0\">AP Photo\/Matt Rourke<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Mail-in voting is safe, reliable and trustworthy<\/h2>\n<p>All this evidence leads to some clear conclusions: Voting by mail is \u2013 or, with training of election officials and the use of common standards, can be made \u2013 just as honest as in-person voting. Officials can help ensure public confidence by being transparent and communicating their plans and preparations.<\/p>\n<p>People are more interested in voting by mail than ever before, because of the pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>Epidemiology indicates that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/election-polling-locations.html\">voting from home is safer<\/a> than going to a crowded public building to vote.<\/p>\n<p>November\u2019s election will likely involve far more mail-in voting than in the past. To retain voters\u2019 confidence in its integrity, our review indicates that local election offices and the U.S. Postal Service will need to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/05\/03\/848347895\/ballot-printers-increase-capacity-to-prepare-for-mail-voting-surge\">make substantial additional preparations<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/en\/research-and-analysis\/blogs\/stateline\/2020\/07\/08\/election-experts-warn-of-november-disaster\">provide mail-in ballots<\/a><br \/>\nand to handle the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/2020\/07\/01\/nation\/huge-vote-by-mail-expansion-because-virus-leaves-clerks-mass-girding-onslaught\/\">increased volume of mailed-in ballots<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>And the public needs to understand that the results of the vote <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/06\/24\/us\/politics\/november-2020-election-day-results.html\">may not be clear<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.uci.edu\/faculty\/full-time\/hasen\/2020ElectionReport.pdf\">for days after Election Day<\/a>. It takes longer for election workers to open, verify signatures, and count mail ballots than it does to run voting machines, and some states \u2013 such as Michigan \u2013 do not permit mail ballots to be opened until Election Day.<\/p>\n<p>But when the tallies are announced, if large numbers of Americans have voted by mail, the public can feel confident that the process was fair and the results are accurate.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/141847\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/edie-goldenberg-1131855\">Edie Goldenberg<\/a>, Professor of Public Policy; Professor of Political Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-michigan-1290\">University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/research-on-voting-by-mail-says-its-safe-from-fraud-and-disease-141847\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Edie Goldenberg, University of Michigan As millions of Americans prepare to vote in November \u2013 and in many cases, primaries and state and local elections through the summer as well \u2013 lots of people are talking about voting by mail. It is a way to protect the integrity of the country\u2019s voting system and to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":21387,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[7439,1340,8367,5402,5839,8368,475,2837,795],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21386"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21386"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21457,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21386\/revisions\/21457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}