{"id":21658,"date":"2020-08-11T19:43:10","date_gmt":"2020-08-11T19:43:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=21658"},"modified":"2020-08-11T19:43:10","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T19:43:10","slug":"marijuana-fueled-colombian-drug-trade-before-cocaine-was-king","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/marijuana-fueled-colombian-drug-trade-before-cocaine-was-king\/","title":{"rendered":"Marijuana fueled Colombian drug trade before cocaine was king"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lina Britto<\/a>, Northwestern University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The Research Brief<\/a> is a short take about interesting academic work.<\/em><\/p>\n

The big idea<\/h2>\n

Long before Pablo Escobar\u2019s Medell\u00edn cartel got rich supplying Americans with cocaine in the 1980s, Colombia was already the United States\u2019 main source of illicit drugs \u2013 specifically, marijuana. That\u2019s the takeaway of my new book \u201cMarijuana Boom<\/a>.\u201d <\/p>\n

This debunks the popular notion of Escobar as the pioneer of Colombian drug trafficking<\/a>. Rather, it was some of Colombia\u2019s most marginalized people<\/a> who changed the course of their nation.<\/p>\n

Back in the 1970s, peasant farmers from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta \u2013 a remote and mountainous region of Colombia\u2019s Caribbean coast \u2013 began shifting from banana, cotton and coffee production to marijuana cultivation. When this population again pivoted to growing coca leaf for processing into cocaine<\/a> in the 1980s, they set Colombia on a course to become the illicit drug capital of the Americas<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Why it matters<\/h2>\n

This research upends other old tropes about the drug trade, including the idea that it\u2019s inherently violent<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Colombia\u2019s marijuana economy operated relatively peacefully until the Colombian and U.S. governments in 1978 launched a militarized campaign to eradicate marijuana crops and increase drug interdictions<\/a>. Traffickers retaliated, giving rise to the now familiar \u201cwar on drugs\u201d-style dynamic of escalating conflict. <\/p>\n

My research also disproves the long-held academic consensus<\/a> that illegal drug markets emerge in remote areas where the state has insufficient presence. <\/p>\n

I find Colombia\u2019s marijuana boom was actually an unintended consequence of state-led efforts to economically develop Colombia. Throughout the 20th century, Colombia worked to build its banana export sector<\/a>, create a cotton belt<\/a> to supply Colombian textile factories and to redistribute land<\/a>. By the 1970s, Colombia was expanding international trade, particularly with the U.S.<\/p>\n

These changes made some rural Colombians rich but, my research shows, impoverished peasant farmers in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. People who\u2019d grown legal commodity crops saw opportunity in exporting an illegal one to the United States: marijuana.<\/p>\n

\n \"Two<\/a>
\n Police search suspected marijuana growers in the Guajira, Colombia, 1980.<\/span>
\n Timothy Ross\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What still isn\u2019t known<\/h2>\n

My book recounts how and why people in northern Colombia used their farming experience to grow and export marijuana. But it doesn\u2019t detail their next transition, from marijuana to cocaine<\/a>. <\/p>\n

In southern Colombia, academics have documented how Pablo Escobar\u2019s generation of traffickers financed new settlers to grow coca leaf<\/a>, the base ingredient in cocaine, in the 1980s. We just don\u2019t know how cocaine simultaneously supplanted marijuana as the staple drug crop of the peasant economy up north. <\/p>\n

How I do my work<\/h2>\n

This began as a personal quest to understand the country of my childhood. My father is from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta area, where marijuana once boomed. <\/p>\n

Some of my research was archival, conducted in Colombia and the U.S. But much of it was done on the ground. I began collecting testimonials in northern Colombia in the early 2000s, during Colombia\u2019s 52-year armed conflict<\/a>. Paramilitary forces controlled the area. The war ended in 2016. But armed groups, including cartels, still operate there.<\/p>\n

[Deep knowledge, daily.<\/em> Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

To stay safe while studying an industry that uses cash and violence to keep its affairs clandestine, I relied on friends and family, who helped me establish contacts and identify information sources. I also kept my questions focused on the defunct marijuana business \u2013 not the active cocaine trade. <\/p>\n

This focus helped me avoid reproducing what historian Luis Astorga calls \u201cthe mythology of the narcotrafficker<\/a>.\u201d There are no Pablo Escobars in my book \u2013 just everyday Colombians who seized on their country\u2019s growing commercial ties to the world\u2019s largest drug market<\/a> \u2013 the United States \u2013 to launch a global business.\"The<\/p>\n

Lina Britto<\/a>, Assistant Professor of History, Northwestern University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lina Britto, Northwestern University The Research Brief is a short take about interesting academic work. The big idea Long before Pablo Escobar\u2019s Medell\u00edn cartel got rich supplying Americans with cocaine in the 1980s, Colombia was already the United States\u2019 main source of illicit drugs \u2013 specifically, marijuana. That\u2019s the takeaway of my new book \u201cMarijuana […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":21659,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5,277],"tags":[8486,8485,5940,5033,5757,8483,5233,671,1524,2197,7727,8484],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21658"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21658"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21660,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21658\/revisions\/21660"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}