{"id":22093,"date":"2020-09-16T06:57:04","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T06:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=22093"},"modified":"2020-09-17T14:21:35","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T14:21:35","slug":"climate-change-and-forest-management-have-both-fueled-todays-epic-western-wildfires","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/climate-change-and-forest-management-have-both-fueled-todays-epic-western-wildfires\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change and forest management have both fueled  today&#8217;s epic Western wildfires"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/steven-c-beda-316873\">Steven C. Beda<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-oregon-811\">University of Oregon<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>What is driving the wildfires that are ravaging California, Oregon and Washington? President Trump and state officials have offered sharply different views.<\/p>\n<p>Trump asserts that Western states haven\u2019t done enough logging and brush clearance, allowing fuels to build up in forests. \u201cWhen trees fall down after a short period of time, about 18 months, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/trump-western-wildfires-science-climate-change\/\">they become very dry<\/a>. They become really like a matchstick \u2026 you know, there\u2019s no more water pouring through and they become very, very \u2014 they just explode,\u201d Trump stated in California on Sept. 14.<\/p>\n<p>California Gov. Gavin Newsom and other West Coast leaders, many of whom are Democrats, point to climate change as the main cause of these massive conflagrations. \u201cThis is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfchronicle.com\/politics\/article\/This-is-a-climate-damn-emergency-15560711.php\">a climate damn emergency<\/a>,\u201d Newsom warned as he surveyed damage on Sept. 11 from one of over 20 major wildfires that have scorched the state since mid-August.<\/p>\n<p>As an <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=eGgJ6oUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">environmental historian<\/a> who studies the forests of the Pacific Coast, I don\u2019t see this as an either\/or choice. In my view, climate change and forest management practices both have contributed to today\u2019s fire conditions, and reducing wildfire risks requires addressing both issues.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mC_TP2Syk7s?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">As of mid-September, fast-moving wildfires in California, Oregon and Washington have burned an area the size of New Jersey.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A war against fire<\/h2>\n<p>Natural fire is an <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1112839109\">important part of the ecology of Western forests<\/a>. Many of the conifers, or cone-bearing trees, that <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.204.4400.1380\">thrive in this region<\/a> require fire to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/list\/5-amazing-adaptations-of-pyrophytic-plants\">release their seeds<\/a>. Other trees rely on fire to clear away underbrush and dense canopies to make room for new growth.<\/p>\n<p>Fire was also a tool that indigenous peoples in the West used to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-western-states-can-learn-from-native-american-wildfire-management-strategies-120731\">manage their lands<\/a> before European settlement. <a href=\"http:\/\/osupress.oregonstate.edu\/book\/indians-fire-and-land-in-pacific-northwest\">Native Americans regularly set fires<\/a> to shape game migrations, facilitate hunting or encourage the growth of edible plants. Today many native and indigenous communities <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2019\/nov\/21\/wildfire-prescribed-burns-california-native-americans\">still manage their lands with fire<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div data-react-class=\"Tweet\" data-react-props=\"{&quot;tweetId&quot;:&quot;1298028858898341889&quot;}\"><\/div>\n<p>Natural fire and indigenous burning helped keep Western forests healthy, ensuring that forests didn\u2019t become clogged with undergrowth or overrun with dead trees. But when white settlers arrived in the 19th century, they saw fire as a threat to their farms, ranches and logging operations. They aggressively fought fires and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rutgersuniversitypress.org\/salmon-and-acorns-feed-our-people\/9780813584195\">criminalized native burning<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Until the early 1900s, forest fire fighting was relatively unorganized. When a fire broke out, people from local communities would head out with whatever tools they could muster and do their best to control it. If the fire had been started by a human, they meted out <a href=\"https:\/\/uwapress.uw.edu\/book\/9780295975924\/fire-in-america\/\">vigilante justice<\/a> to the offender.<\/p>\n<p>Wildland firefighting changed in 1910 after the <a href=\"https:\/\/foresthistory.org\/research-explore\/us-forest-service-history\/policy-and-law\/fire-u-s-forest-service\/famous-fires\/the-1910-fires\/\">Big Burn<\/a>, a series of massive fires that scorched more than 3 million acres in Idaho, Montana and Washington, destroyed several towns and killed 87 people. In response the U.S. Forest Service, founded just five years earlier, began training and maintaining firefighting crews. For much of the 20th century, <a href=\"https:\/\/uapress.arizona.edu\/book\/between-two-fires\">suppressing fires became its goal<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358231\/original\/file-20200915-14-1afujy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Smoke jumper on ground reels in his parachute\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">A smokejumper gathers his parachute after landing in Seeley Lake, Montana, around 1940. The U.S. Forest Service\u2019s smokejumper program started in 1939 as a way to reduce the time it took for crews to reach wildland fires.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/forestservicemuseum.org\/our-collection\/\">National Museum of Forest Service History<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Primed to burn<\/h2>\n<p>Experts broadly agree now that decades of fire suppression actually <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-perfect-storm-of-factors-is-making-wildfires-bigger-and-more-expensive-to-control-100800\">made the risk of forest fires worse<\/a>. This policy increased fuel loads in the nation\u2019s forests that under different circumstances would have been thinned by flames.<\/p>\n<p>It took time for fuel loads in Western forests to rise to dangerous levels, largely because suppression policy coincided with rapid expansion of the logging industry. Throughout the 20th century lumber companies <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nebraskapress.unl.edu\/nebraska\/9780803272880\/\">harvested trillions of trees from the nation\u2019s forests<\/a>, driven by military demand during the world wars and then by the post-World War II housing boom.<\/p>\n<p>In the late 1970s logging began to decline in the West. One cause was competition from Southern lumber companies. Another was an increasingly litigious environmental movement that became adept at using federal environmental laws to restrict logging. For example, conservation groups worked to get the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/oregonfwo\/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">northern spotted owl<\/a> listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1990, a strategy that ultimately led to <a href=\"https:\/\/islandpress.org\/books\/wisdom-spotted-owl\">timber harvesting bans<\/a> on several million acres of forestland on the Pacific Coast.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=543&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=543&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358232\/original\/file-20200915-16-1ae0kxc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=543&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Northern spotted owls live in large mature forests in the Pacific Northwest. They are listed as threatened as a result of habitat loss, caused partly by logging.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/oregonfwo\/species\/data\/northernspottedowl\/Partnerships.asp\">USFWS<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Many environmental advocates feared that even noncommercial forest management actions, such as clearing brush, thinning undergrowth and removing dead trees, could reopen the door to commercial logging. So in the mid-1990s, conservation organizations began <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.cif-ifc.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.5558\/tfc70546-5\">challenging<\/a> routine forest management activities.<\/p>\n<p>And they often won. Between 1989 and 2008, environmental groups filed 1,125 cases against the U.S. Forest Service seeking to limit logging or management activities, and won or settled 520 of those cases. As a result, the agency was <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5849\/jof.12-094\">unable to conduct management activities<\/a> that might have lessened the danger of fire.<\/p>\n<h2>Hotter and drier<\/h2>\n<p>As U.S. forests were becoming more likely to burn, the world\u2019s climate was changing in ways that increase the likelihood of fires.<\/p>\n<p>While the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/06\/SR15_Headline-statements.pdf\">entire world has warmed<\/a> as a result of increased carbon emissions, the Pacific Coast has seen some of the most dramatic temperature increases. The region has warmed <a href=\"https:\/\/nca2018.globalchange.gov\/chapter\/24\/\">2 degrees F<\/a> since 1900, and the past several summers in the region have been some of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/news\/summer-2020-ranked-as-one-of-hottest-on-record-for-us\">hottest on record<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>These hot temperatures have been accompanied by severe droughts, which scientists also <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaz9600\">attribute in large part to climate change<\/a>. While precipitation has <a href=\"https:\/\/science2017.globalchange.gov\/chapter\/7\/\">increased in many parts of the U.S.<\/a> in recent decades, average annual rainfall in Western states has been steadily declining since 1950, <a href=\"https:\/\/waterinthewest.stanford.edu\/groundwater\/charts\/precipitation\/index.html\">particularly in California<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Combined with increased fuel loads in the nation\u2019s forests, these hot, dry summers have created <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1128834\">perfect conditions for forest fires<\/a>. Forests clogged with dense undergrowth and dead trees are primed to burst into flames at the smallest spark.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=357&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=357&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=357&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=449&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=449&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/358233\/original\/file-20200915-14-njlj4f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=449&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Brown smoke spreads over the Pacific from U.S. west coast.\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Winds carry smoke from wildfires in California, Oregon and Washington west over the Pacific on Sept. 10, blanketing nearly a million square miles.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/thumbnails\/image\/sq-miles-smoke.jpg\">NASA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Many environmental groups that once opposed forest management now are openly calling for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/089419200279081\">more active management<\/a> in the nation\u2019s woodlands. But the increase in forest fires has drained agency budgets and made it difficult for federal land managers to take preventive action.<\/p>\n<p>For example, while the Forest Service\u2019s overall budget has remained relatively static for the past two decades, a growing portion of its funding must now be committed to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/spiraling-wildfire-fighting-costs-are-largely-beyond-the-forest-services-control-86041\">fighting fires<\/a>, leaving less money for tree thinning and underbrush clearing. Wildfire control increased from 16% of the agency\u2019s appropriated budget in 1995 to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf\">over 50% in 2015<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In sum, management policies have created tinderboxes in Western forests, and climate change has made it much more likely that those tinderboxes will erupt into destructive fires. A third factor is that <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-blame-california-wildfires-on-a-perfect-storm-of-weather-events-86128\">development has expanded into once-wild areas<\/a>, putting more people and property in harm\u2019s way.<\/p>\n<p>Addressing just part of this problem will produce incomplete solutions. Rather, I believe a multipronged strategy is what\u2019s needed. One element is improving forest management to make these lands less primed to burn. The other is reducing carbon emissions and reining in global temperatures \u2013 the only way to moderate climate conditions that make fires larger and more likely.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>The Conversation\u2019s science, health and technology editors pick their favorite stories.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/science-editors-picks-71\/?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=science-favorite\">Weekly on Wednesdays<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/146247\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/steven-c-beda-316873\">Steven C. Beda<\/a>, Assistant Professor of History, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-oregon-811\">University of Oregon<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/climate-change-and-forest-management-have-both-fueled-todays-epic-western-wildfires-146247\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Steven C. Beda, University of Oregon What is driving the wildfires that are ravaging California, Oregon and Washington? President Trump and state officials have offered sharply different views. Trump asserts that Western states haven\u2019t done enough logging and brush clearance, allowing fuels to build up in forests. \u201cWhen trees fall down after a short period [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":22094,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1862],"tags":[272,139,479,2408,6228,2198,2200,299,4906,420,8690,6665,3357,7256],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22093"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22093"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22098,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22093\/revisions\/22098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}