{"id":25018,"date":"2021-04-11T23:15:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-11T23:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=25018"},"modified":"2021-04-12T00:59:09","modified_gmt":"2021-04-12T00:59:09","slug":"pandemic-recovery-will-take-more-than-soaring-growth-to-fuel-a-more-equitable-economy-countries-need-to-measure-the-well-being-of-people-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/pandemic-recovery-will-take-more-than-soaring-growth-to-fuel-a-more-equitable-economy-countries-need-to-measure-the-well-being-of-people-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Pandemic recovery will take more than soaring growth \u2013 to fuel a more equitable economy, countries need to measure the well-being of people, too"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/bas-van-bavel-1216459\">Bas van Bavel<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/utrecht-university-1354\">Utrecht University<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/auke-rijpma-1219724\">Auke Rijpma<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/utrecht-university-1354\">Utrecht University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once a country\u2019s economy reaches a certain level of wealth, gross domestic product \u2013 which puts a single dollar value on a country\u2019s total economic output \u2013 is no longer a good measure of its overall success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s a main finding of our economic research, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/how-was-life-volume-ii_3d96efc5-en\">published in March with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development<\/a>. When we examined the development of nations worldwide since 1820, we found that among rich Western countries like the United States, the Netherlands and France, improvements in income, education, safety and health tracked or even outpaced rising gross domestic product for over a century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But in the 1950s, even as economic growth accelerated after World War II, well-being in these countries lagged. From the 1970s onward, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/EU\">growth in median incomes slowed down, as did education<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1147382?seq=1\">Crime rose<\/a>. In recent years, health outcomes have even declined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The gap between well-being and GDP became particularly evident after the 2008 global financial crisis. Even as rich countries\u2019 economies recovered, unemployment, poverty and housing insecurity stayed higher for years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This pattern can also be observed in middle-income countries. In recent decades, countries like Russia, Argentina, Turkey and China have begun to show slower increases in well-being, while growth in GDP per capita \u2013 total GDP divided by population \u2013 remains high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"GDP vs. well-being in China, Argentina and the U.S.\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/s45cK\/3\/#?secret=4nIl9L6wVQ\" data-secret=\"4nIl9L6wVQ\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>These insights validate widespread feelings of people in many Western countries \u2013 and the U.S. in particular \u2013 that <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/globalization-and-its-discontents-why-theres-a-backlash-and-how-it-needs-to-change-68800\">the fruits of economic growth have passed them by<\/a>. They also raise concerns about how, and indeed whether, policymakers will know when their country has actually recovered from the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Rethinking GDP<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP measures the total economic output of a country, from goods and services to trade, in monetary terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the inception of GDP in the 1930s, the growth of GDP per capita \u2013 that is, GDP divided by a country\u2019s population \u2013 was widely considered the best indicator of material progress, or progress in general. The <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781316452035\">OECD<\/a> and World Bank have both advised countries to make boosting their GDP per capita a priority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting about a decade ago, however, scholars <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-us-economy-produced-about-21-7-trillion-in-goods-and-services-in-2019-but-what-does-gdp-really-mean-130685\">started to question this assumption<\/a>, noting that GDP does not include the value of unpaid work, often performed by women, such as household work or child and elder care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Economic growth often has negative consequences, too, that can offset its positive effects. Intensive use of natural resources, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/04\/gdp-ignores-the-things-that-matter-like-climate-change\/\">harms the environment<\/a> and the living conditions of people in those areas. Longer working hours reduce quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, economic inequality \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/wid.world\/document\/world-inequality-report-2018-english\/\">which is growing in many Western countries<\/a> \u2013 cannot be seen in an average like GDP per capita, but it does affect average well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/392671\/original\/file-20210330-21-phlem9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/392671\/original\/file-20210330-21-phlem9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Older men sit around a communal table with red plastic cups. Bowls of hot soup can be seen in the foreground\"\/><\/a><figcaption>A soup kitchen in Berlin in 2009. Poverty in Germany, already rising, was exacerbated by the financial crisis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/visitors-arrive-to-eat-hot-soup-at-a-soup-kitchen-of-the-news-photo\/92146346?adppopup=true\">Sean Gallup\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2011 the OECD introduced the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org\/about\/better-life-initiative\/\">Better Life Initiative<\/a>.\u201d It ranks all 37 OECD member states based on 11 dimensions that contribute to citizens\u2019 well-being: job security, education, health, civic engagement, purchasing power, housing, safety, work-life balance, social connections, environmental quality and subjective well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Better Life Initiative is important in broadening our view of success. But it lacks GDP-per-capita\u2019s appealing simplicity of being a single, comprehensive number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>A new single-number index<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, the interdisciplinary team of researchers I lead at Utrecht University created the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uu.nl\/en\/research\/better-well-being-index\">Better Well-Being Index<\/a>. This integrated measure of well-being enables researchers and policymakers to critically assess whether economic growth translates into well-being \u2013 and rate well-being with a single, easy-to-understand number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our index uses the same 11 dimensions as the OECD\u2019s Better Life Initiative, and it rates each country\u2019s score on these dimensions on a scale of 0 to 1, using international benchmarks. Next, the figures are weighted to reflect how important each country\u2019s population has reported each dimension to be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All these inputs are then combined to result in a single measure of well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When we tested our new system on the Netherlands, comparing its well-being rating with GDP per capita, we found that they diverged markedly <a href=\"https:\/\/esb.nu\/esb\/20051405\/vervolgstappen-voor-integrale-welvaartsmeting\">in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/K564h\/1\/\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2019&amp;locations=NL&amp;start=2005\">Per capita GDP recovered<\/a> within a few years, and in 2016 surpassed its pre-crisis peak. However, well-being as measured by our Better Well-being Index remained depressed for much longer, largely due to <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?end=2019&amp;locations=NL&amp;start=2005\">high unemployment<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many everyday Dutch people knew this all too well. What our data showed, empirically, is that the Dutch had just reached their pre-2008 level of well-being when the COVID-19 crisis hit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Measuring the pandemic recovery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our results are already stimulating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.regiofoodvalley.nl\/regio-deal\/actueel\/koningin-maxima-in-gesprek-over-brede-welvaart-in-regio-foodvalley\">societal and political debates<\/a> in the Netherlands. Dutch policymakers, including regional governments, are starting to use well-being indexes to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/docserver\/9789264217416-12-en.pdf?expires=1617263411&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=83CCEB18F53C3A03C52B67D74E0D9717\">measure the effects of their policies and investment programs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/392672\/original\/file-20210330-23-14wauzt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/392672\/original\/file-20210330-23-14wauzt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Woman in heavy winter coat pushes a full shopping car\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Homelessness and lack of affordable housing are the main problems dragging down well-being in the Netherlands today. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/an-homeless-person-is-seen-after-dutch-prime-minister-mark-news-photo\/1207469529?adppopup=true\">Pierre Crom\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Better Well-Being Index has not yet been applied to the United States \u2013 though it could easily be adapted to the American context \u2013 so we can\u2019t yet measure empirically how well-being compares with economic growth in the U.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But studies suggest the divergence may be even larger than in the Netherlands. In recent decades, the U.S. has increased its lead over European countries in GDP terms but <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/ad930641-en\">lags behind them in life expectancy, safety and income distribution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We believe well-being is especially important for countries to monitor in the COVID-19 recovery period, whether using our index, the OCED\u2019s or another comprehensive tool. As our historical analysis shows, people may still be suffering in many ways well after a country\u2019s economic growth returns \u2013 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41599-021-00763-4\">crises typically exacerbate inequalities<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Countries seeking to explicitly counteract the negative effects of the pandemic need a good compass to guide their recovery plan. And that won\u2019t be GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[<em>Insight, in your inbox each day.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/the-daily-3?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=insight\">You can get it with The Conversation\u2019s email newsletter<\/a>.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/bas-van-bavel-1216459\">Bas van Bavel<\/a>, Distinguished Professor of Transitions of Economy and Society, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/utrecht-university-1354\">Utrecht University<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/auke-rijpma-1219724\">Auke Rijpma<\/a>, Lecturer in Economic and Social History, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/utrecht-university-1354\">Utrecht University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/pandemic-recovery-will-take-more-than-soaring-growth-to-fuel-a-more-equitable-economy-countries-need-to-measure-the-well-being-of-people-too-156621\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bas van Bavel, Utrecht University and Auke Rijpma, Utrecht University Once a country\u2019s economy reaches a certain level of wealth, gross domestic product \u2013 which puts a single dollar value on a country\u2019s total economic output \u2013 is no longer a good measure of its overall success. That\u2019s a main finding of our economic research, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":25019,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[277,4],"tags":[3325,2458,224,349,3370,7609,415,9749,9750,104,416],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25018"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25018"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25022,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25018\/revisions\/25022"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}