{"id":27108,"date":"2021-10-10T06:06:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-10T06:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=27108"},"modified":"2021-10-13T00:34:02","modified_gmt":"2021-10-13T00:34:02","slug":"five-years-after-largest-marine-heatwave-on-record-hit-northern-california-coast-many-warm-water-species-have-stuck-around","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/five-years-after-largest-marine-heatwave-on-record-hit-northern-california-coast-many-warm-water-species-have-stuck-around\/","title":{"rendered":"Five years after largest marine heatwave on record hit northern California coast, many warm\u2013water species have stuck around"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Erica Nielsen<\/a>, University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em> and Sam Walkes<\/a>, University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Land\u2013based heatwaves have a less obvious though equally important sibling: marine heatwaves. In 2013, the largest marine heatwave on record<\/a> began when an unusually warm mass of water formed in the Gulf of Alaska. By the next summer, the warm water spread south, raising average water temperatures along the United States west coast by 3.6 to 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit (2-4 Celsius)<\/a>. In 2015, a strong El Ni\u00f1o event strengthened the marine heatwave<\/a> further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And so \u201cthe Blob,\u201d as oceanographers have dubbed this huge body of warm water, was born.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
This satellite image from fall 2014 shows the beginnings of the Blob, where red colors represent unusually warm water temperatures. NOAA via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, a number of species moved northward to places along the west coast of the U.S. where the water had previously been too cold for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are a marine evolutionary biologist<\/a> and a marine ecologist<\/a>, and are currently studying these recent arrivals to the northern California coast. Through our work, we hope to understand what has allowed species to not only move with the Blob, but persist after the water cooled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hundreds<\/a>
Pelagic red crabs, normally found in warm waters off Mexico, began washing up on beaches in California in 2015. MediaNews Group\/Orange County Register via Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

With warm water came new species<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Blob changed weather as well as ocean currents<\/a>, led to the deaths of thousands of marine mammals<\/a> and birds<\/a>, and caused harmful algal blooms<\/a>. Animals also moved<\/a> during the years of warm water with the Blob. Species that usually live in more southern, warmer waters expanded their ranges<\/a> into northern California<\/a> and Oregon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pelagic red crabs, usually found off the Baja California peninsula, washed up by the hundreds on beaches north of San Francisco<\/a>. Keen naturalists<\/a> were surprised to find that populations of bright green sunburst anenomes, giant owl limpets and pink volcano barnacles<\/a> had in some places increased by the hundreds<\/a>. Ecologists even discovered a new population of angular unicorn snails over 150 miles north of their original range edge<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Blob was not destined to last forever. It eventually faded away and water temperatures returned to normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
Many species have established new populations far north of their historical limits, as demonstrated in this graphic where the lighter colored bars show the previous range limits and the darker colors show the new range extensions. Erica Nielsen, Sam Walkes, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cooling temps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Many species that arrived with the Blob didn\u2019t stay within the colder northern waters once the heatwave passed. For example, open water species like the common dolphin followed the warm waters north<\/a>, then migrated back southward once waters cooled. But many coastal species are sessile \u2013 meaning they are stuck to rocks for all their adult lives. But these species are not attached to rocks when they are young. During the early larval stages, they ride ocean currents and can travel dozens of miles<\/a> to find new coastlines to live on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Blob\u2019s warm waters and shifting currents allowed the larvae of many species to move far past their northern boundaries while remaining in their environmental comfort zone. However, when the marine heatwave ended, the real survival test began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our<\/a> team<\/a> has been tracking these northern coastal populations to see which species have persisted post-Blob. Each year our team returns to the cold, wave-pounded northern California shores to monitor existing populations and look for new recruits \u2013 young individuals that survived their larval stage and successfully settled on rocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Every year we are excited to find new barnacle, snail and slug recruits. Of the 37 coastal species<\/a> our team has been tracking, at least five<\/a> have maintained small but stable northern populations after the warm waters of the Blob disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
The giant owl limpet, seen here nestled in a tide pool, is one of the species that has managed to establish itself in the northern waters. Sam Walkes, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Who goes from northern tourist to local?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In addition to monitoring populations, our team is also gathering ecological and evolutionary information about these species. The giant owl limpet is one of the species that has persisted, and we want to identify what traits helped them survive after the Blob ended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In general, traits that help a species settle in a new environment include the ability to grow and reproduce faster, choose suitable habitats, defend territories or have more offspring. To test some of these ideas, our team is conducting ecological experiments along the California coast, and we are annually recording growth for more than 2,500 individual limpets. We are also experimentally pitting juvenile owl limpets against larger adults and other competing limpet species. We hope that this work will reveal whether the new limpets on the block can grow rapidly while competing with others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the ecology is only half of the range expansion story. In tandem with the ecological experiments, our lab<\/a> is sequencing owl limpet genomes to identify genes that potentially code for traits like faster growth or competitive prowess. It\u2019s possible to figure out on a genetic level what is allowing certain species to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Unicorn snails, seen here in a tide pool, migrated north during the warm years of the Blob. Some populations have managed to establish themselves permanently. Sam Walkes, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Conserving shifting species in a changing ocean<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Considering the effects of ongoing climate change, it is good news that species can move to track their preferred climate. It\u2019s important to note that while species that move due to climate change are not invasive<\/a>, these shifts can change existing ecosystems. For example, the Hilton\u2019s nudibranch, a predatory sea slug, expanded northward during the Blob, which led to a decline in local nudibranchs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Over 110,000 readers rely on The Conversation\u2019s newsletter to understand the world.<\/em> Sign up today<\/a>.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research shows that marine heatwaves are becoming more common<\/a> thanks to climate change. By understanding the ecological and evolutionary attributes that allowed some species to endure and even thrive during and after the Blob, we may be able to predict what will allow species to expand further during future marine heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Blob 2.0 is coming; what changes will it bring?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erica Nielsen<\/a>, Postdoctoral Researcher in Marine Biology, University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em> and Sam Walkes<\/a>, PhD Student in Ecology, University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erica Nielsen, University of California, Davis and Sam Walkes, University of California, Davis Land\u2013based heatwaves have a less obvious though equally important sibling: marine heatwaves. In 2013, the largest marine heatwave on record began when an unusually warm mass of water formed in the Gulf of Alaska. By the next summer, the warm water spread […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":27109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1862,118],"tags":[5236,272,139,6385,584,756,9854],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27108"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27108"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27116,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27108\/revisions\/27116"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}