{"id":29399,"date":"2022-04-29T00:40:12","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T00:40:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=29399"},"modified":"2022-05-01T12:39:31","modified_gmt":"2022-05-01T12:39:31","slug":"why-do-teens-engage-in-self-harm-clinical-psychologists-explain-how-to-help-teens-reduce-their-emotional-distress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/why-do-teens-engage-in-self-harm-clinical-psychologists-explain-how-to-help-teens-reduce-their-emotional-distress\/","title":{"rendered":"Why do teens engage in self-harm? Clinical psychologists explain how to help teens reduce their emotional distress"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kevin Kuehn<\/a>, University of Washington<\/a><\/em> and Kevin King<\/a>, University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emotions are tricky things. They allow for humans to fall in love, wage war and, as it turns out, engage in self-harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is hard to imagine an era in which young adults were more distressed than today. Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that more than 40% of high school students reported they felt<\/a> persistently sad or hopeless over the past year. In the same survey, about 20% reported that they seriously considered suicide<\/a>. Worldwide, approximately 17% of youths ages 12-18 intentionally injure themselves each year<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By all accounts, young people are experiencing a seemingly unprecedented level of emotional distress<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Humans tend to behave in a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain<\/a>. Why then would some intentionally hurt themselves? In a new meta-analysis, a summary of research studies that we and our colleagues published in the journal Nature Human Behavior, we reported that people felt better immediately after they self-injured or thought about suicide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are a doctoral candidate<\/a> in clinical psychology at the University of Washington, researching why youths and young adults self-injure, and a clinical psychologist<\/a> studying young adult substance use. Our research suggests that this reduction in emotional distress following acts of self-harm and suicidal thoughts likely maintains these types of thoughts and behaviors. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZFl3rlNz2mw?wmode=transparent&start=0 Research shows that people often cut as a way to deal with strong emotions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The challenges with studying self-harm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In his book \u201cAbout Behaviorism<\/a>,\u201d the preeminent psychologist B.F. Skinner<\/a> coined the term \u201creinforcement\u201d to explain why behaviors are more likely to occur if that same behavior previously resulted in a desired outcome. Over the past 20 years, leading theories have hypothesized<\/a> that self-injury operated in the same manner. That is, if someone experienced relief from emotional suffering after they injured themselves, they would be more likely to repeat the behavior in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Self-injury is difficult to research. Until the last decade, most researchers asked people to reflect on what they were thinking or feeling when they were self-injuring, but those episodes could have been months or even years ago. We humans, though, are remarkably bad at accurately reporting on our own behaviors, especially when we try to explain why things happened<\/a>. It\u2019s especially challenging for researchers to get a clear timeline of events, which makes it difficult to pinpoint how someone was feeling immediately before or after they self-injured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recently, researchers have tried to fill those gaps by making use of the ubiquity of cellphones<\/a>. In those studies researchers asked participants to complete brief surveys about how they\u2019re feeling multiple times per day over their cellphones as they go about living their lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our meta-analysis analyzed 38 such survey-based studies<\/a>, with data contributed from researchers around the U.S. and Europe, involving 1,644 participants. In all the studies, participants rated the intensity of their emotions and indicated whether they had thought about self-injury in the past few hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We found that the participants reported higher levels of distress right before they self-harmed or thought about suicide, and reported significantly reduced levels of distress immediately following. Together, this suggests that relief from distressing emotion acts as a powerful reinforcer, likely increasing the probability that people continue to experience self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. It also implies that treatments should focus on how to help people replace self-injury with alternative ways of relieving stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since roughly 40% of people who attempt suicide do not receive mental health services<\/a>, we think it is important to share strategies for helping individuals at risk of self-harm talk about their emotions and to offer resources for finding professional help. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/D_z2rfL1BC0?wmode=transparent&start=0 Family and the broader community play a role in reducing suicide risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategies for discussing self-harm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Teens who self-injure and\/or think about suicide are a heterogenous group<\/a> \u2013 people are unique, after all. However, our finding suggests that self-harm serves an important function for youth: to help regulate emotions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is essential that teens experiencing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors find adults and\/or peers<\/a> to whom they feel connected. The previously mentioned CDC survey showed that youths who felt connected<\/a> were much less likely to contemplate or attempt suicide than those who did not feel connected. Thus, ensuring that teens feel cared about and supported or that they \u201cbelong\u201d at home and school may be one way to protect against self-injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019ve found in our clinical work with youths who self-injure that it\u2019s important to balance validating their emotions \u2013 in other words, acknowledging and accurately understanding their feelings \u2013 while not responding to self-injury in ways likely to inadvertently reinforce it. If, for example, teens felt as if the only way they received support or validation were to self-harm, then it would be important to ensure that validation is provided when they are not self-harming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are some key ways to validate and show support:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Pay attention: We all know what it feels like to speak with someone who is not paying attention or is looking at their phone. Make eye contact and show you\u2019re interested in what the person is feeling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Reflect back: Summarize what the person is saying to demonstrate that you are listening and taking in the information. You could say something like, \u201cLet me make sure I understand \u2026\u201d and then paraphrase what you\u2019re hearing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Try to read their thoughts: Imagine yourself in the person\u2019s shoes or guess what they may be feeling, even if they haven\u2019t said it directly. You could say something like, \u201cI imagine you must be feeling like nobody understands what you\u2019re going through.\u201d If the teen says you\u2019re wrong, give up on being right and try again later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Validate based on prior events: Show that you understand how the feelings make sense given what you know about the person. For example, you could ask, \u201cAre there times when you\u2019ve had experiences similar to now?\u201d You could say something like, \u201cI could totally see how you would feel afraid about failing this test, since you studied hard for the last one but didn\u2019t do as well as you wanted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Acknowledge how the feelings make sense in the present: Would other people in that exact same situation have the same feelings? For example, \u201cAnyone would feel afraid.\u201d This communicates to the other person that there isn\u2019t anything wrong with the way they\u2019re thinking and feeling. You won\u2019t be able to validate everything; for instance, you shouldn\u2019t validate that self-injuring is an effective response to distress. However, you can validate that self-injuring is understandable because it can provide temporary emotional relief even if it causes problems in the long run.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Be \u201cradically genuine\u201d: Be authentic and try to show the other person you respect them and care about them. Treat them as a person of equal status who has important expertise about how to help solve the problem of their self-harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Extending a helping hand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s important for people to know that help is available. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (800-273-8255) is free for anyone experiencing emotional distress. Now Matters Now<\/a> is another free resource that offers coping strategies to manage self-harm and suicidal thoughts from individuals with lived experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Over 150,000 readers rely on The Conversation\u2019s newsletters to understand the world.<\/em> Sign up today<\/a>.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prior research has shown that certain behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy<\/a> \u2013 an approach that focuses on the interplay among thoughts, emotions and behaviors \u2013 or dialectical behavioral therapy<\/a> \u2013 a comprehensive treatment package that teaches mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal coping skills \u2013 are effective at reducing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Both treatments are designed to provide individuals with skills for recognizing their emotions as well as changing their feelings without self-injuring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Find a cognitive behavioral therapist<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Find a therapist who provides dialectical behavioral therapy<\/a>, ideally a therapist who has been certified by the DBT-Linehan Board of Certification<\/a> who has demonstrated the knowledge and ability to deliver DBT with adherence to the manual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kevin Kuehn<\/a>, PhD Student in Clinical Psychology, University of Washington<\/a><\/em> and Kevin King<\/a>, Professor of Psychology, University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kevin Kuehn, University of Washington and Kevin King, University of Washington Emotions are tricky things. They allow for humans to fall in love, wage war and, as it turns out, engage in self-harm. It is hard to imagine an era in which young adults were more distressed than today. Recent Centers for Disease Control and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":29400,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[42],"tags":[1789,11606,1788,11730,11728,2963,5028,9119,11729,6945],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29399"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29399"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29401,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29399\/revisions\/29401"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29400"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}