{"id":30365,"date":"2022-07-13T02:22:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T02:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=30365"},"modified":"2022-07-14T02:27:54","modified_gmt":"2022-07-14T02:27:54","slug":"its-getting-harder-for-scientists-to-collaborate-across-borders-thats-bad-when-the-world-faces-global-problems-like-pandemics-and-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/its-getting-harder-for-scientists-to-collaborate-across-borders-thats-bad-when-the-world-faces-global-problems-like-pandemics-and-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s getting harder for scientists to collaborate across borders \u2013 that\u2019s bad when the world faces global problems like pandemics and climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/tommy-shih-1342637\">Tommy Shih<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/lund-university-756\">Lund University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/press\/en\/2022\/ecosoc7083.doc.htm\">United Nations<\/a> and many researchers have emphasized the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/advancing-discovery\/springboard\/blog\/blogposts-sustainability-inclusion\/un-must-explicitly-recognise-role-of-science\/19664158\">critical role international collaborative science plays<\/a> in solving global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss and pandemics. The rise of non-Western countries as science powers is helping to drive this type of global cooperative research. For example, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa <a href=\"https:\/\/bricstb.samrc.ac.za\/committee.html\">formed a tuberculosis research network in 2017<\/a> and are making significant advancements on basic and applied research into the disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, in the past few years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/key\/date\/2022\/html\/ecb.sp220422%7Ec43af3db20.en.html\">growing tensions among superpowers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2017\/02\/in-europe-nationalisms-rising\/\">increasing nationalism<\/a>, the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have contributed to nations\u2019 behaving in more distrustful and insular ways overall. One result is that it is becoming increasingly difficult for researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01386-0\">to collaborate with scholars in other nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The near-global <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2022-03-russia-west-scientific-collaboration-casualty-ukraine.html\">cessation of collaboration<\/a> with Russian scholars following the invasion of Ukraine \u2013 in everything from humanities research to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/next\/2022\/04\/11\/ukraine-war-how-western-sanctions-on-russia-are-hurting-science-and-climate-change-researc\">climate science in the Arctic<\/a> \u2013 is one example of science being a victim of \u2013 and used as a tool for \u2013 international politics. Scientific collaboration between <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-021-00712-9\">China and the U.S.<\/a> is also breaking down in fields like <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-02015-y\">microelectronics and quantum computing<\/a> because of national security concerns on both sides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I am a <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=9POPVI4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\">policy expert who studies<\/a> international research collaboration as it relates to global problems and geopolitical polarization. I understand the need for democratic countries to respond to the the growing strength of authoritarian countries such as China and acute crises like the Russian invasion of Ukraine. But reducing or stopping international research comes with its own risks. It slows down the production of knowledge needed to address long-term global problems and reduces the potential for future scientific collaboration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"A global boom in research\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/QAymv\/3\/#?secret=pPrXz8iyNP\" data-secret=\"pPrXz8iyNP\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Growth of non-Western science<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the 1990s and the collapse of the Soviet Union, global <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencebusiness.net\/news-byte\/international-science-collaboration-rise-and-it-leads-increased-productivity\">collaboration in science has increased<\/a> dramatically. There are several reasons for this development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to an increased openness in global scientific exchange. In particular, there was growth in the number of students from developing and non-Western countries going to universities in the West. This movement formed networks of researchers from many countries. Second, massively collaborative scientific efforts \u2013 such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yourgenome.org\/stories\/who-was-involved-in-the-human-genome-project\">Human Genome Project<\/a> \u2013 as well as the ever-growing importance of expensive, large research laboratories and instruments have fueled international collaboration. Finally, the digital revolution has made it much easier to communicate and share data across borders. This all resulted in collaborative and fruitful research in many fields including <a href=\"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/topics-policy\/projects\/genetic-technologies\/international-work\/\">gene technology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/\">climate science<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/techtank\/2021\/11\/30\/why-international-cooperation-matters-in-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-strategies\/\">artificial intelligence<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While Western countries dominated the scientific landscape of the 20th century, globalization has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2013\/10\/25\/The-Winners-and-Losers-of-Globalization-Finding-a-Path-to-Shared-Prosperity\">benefited many non-Western countries<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"China&#039;s scientific rise\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/qIdia\/2\/#?secret=Z8OWvquGQn\" data-secret=\"Z8OWvquGQn\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In the latter half of the 20th century, China, India, Russia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and many other nations all significantly improved their scientific capabilities. In doing so they have greatly contributed to human knowledge. China in particular has invested heavily in its scientific capabilities and today is the world\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rathenau.nl\/en\/science-figures\/process\/collaboration\/china-scientific-superpower-making\">largest producer of scientific publications<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The development of scientific capacity in many parts of the world and the building of academic ties is critical when it comes to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/05\/global-science-collaboration-open-source-covid-19\/\">responding to a new virus<\/a> or tracking changes in climate. The more countries that share data and coordinate policy responses, the easier it should be to contain a virus or understand global warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Western concern of a rising China<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally speaking, there are three global superpowers competing for scientific and technological leadership today: the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bruegel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/PC-19-2017.pdf\">U.S., China and the European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/472615\/original\/file-20220705-12588-55xkmw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/472615\/original\/file-20220705-12588-55xkmw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Joe Biden and Xi Jinping facing away from each other in a room.\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Both the U.S. and Europe have taken steps to slow down China\u2019s scientific rise, and these efforts have dampened research collaboration. <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.ap.org\/detail\/USChina\/fe8d6115121e46e1a5b80c6f3f12e03b\/photo?Query=Biden%20Xi%20jinping&amp;mediaType=photo&amp;sortBy=&amp;dateRange=Anytime&amp;totalCount=217&amp;currentItemNo=23\">AP Photo\/Charles Dharapak<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/the-administrations-approach-to-the-peoples-republic-of-china\/\">U.S. government<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_22_661\">European Union<\/a> frame the loss of scientific and technological leadership as not only about diminished economic opportunities, but also as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2022\/03\/18\/newly-important-american-political-axis-democracy-vs-autocracy\/\">a threat to fundamental values of democracy<\/a>, free market competition and rule of law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In May 2022, U.S. Secretary of State <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/the-administrations-approach-to-the-peoples-republic-of-china\/\">Antony Blinken said<\/a>: \u201cChina is the only country with both the intent to reshape the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do it. Beijing\u2019s vision would move us away from the universal values that have sustained so much of the world\u2019s progress over the past 75 years.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s rise in science and technology has been met with stern responses from the West. Australia passed legislation in 2020 that gave the federal government veto power over foreign agreements in research. In the U.S., the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2019)644187\">Export Control Reform Act<\/a> of 2018 was designed to reduce dependence on China for emerging and foundational technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/472616\/original\/file-20220705-12-muirgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/472616\/original\/file-20220705-12-muirgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"The International Space Station in space.\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Shortly after Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine and subsequent Western-imposed sanctions, Russia threatened to pull out of the International Space Station. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nasa2explore\/51749924967\/in\/photostream\/\">NASA\/Flickr<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Science as a tool of politics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Given this framing of research as a part of international competition between China and the West, it is not surprising that science is increasingly being used as a political tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The U.S. government has taken significant steps to try to limit China\u2019s scientific progress and international influence. In 2018, the U.S. launched a large-scale anti-espionage effort called the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-022-00555-z\">China Initiative<\/a>. Under this initiative, the FBI broadly investigated U.S.-Chinese links within the corporate and academic sectors. The China Initiative failed to find any Chinese spies. But three U.S.-based scholars were convicted for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/u-s-math-professor-found-guilty-latest-china-initiative-trial\">failing to disclose Chinese ties<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The China Initiative has faced heavy criticism from researchers, university leaders and civil rights organizations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/politics\/repair-the-damage-done-by-doj-wrongly-targeting-chinese-scientists\/ar-AAZ0RyV\">because of claims of ethnic profiling<\/a>. The Biden administration <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2022\/02\/23\/politics\/justice-department-china\/index.html\">officially canceled the initiative in February 2022<\/a>. But efforts to <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2022\/05\/where-is-china-us-technology-competition-going\/\">curtail China\u2019s science and technology<\/a> industries through <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/china-is-accused-of-exporting-authoritarian-technology-but-the-west-has-done-so-too-more-covertly-168190\">trade sanctions on companies like Huawei<\/a> restrict American companies from doing business with Chinese tech firms. The China Initiative and sanctions have also made researchers on both sides wary of collaboration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The European Union has taken a similar stance. It calls China simultaneously a <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/default\/files\/communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.pdf\">partner, competitor and systemic rival<\/a>. The EU has outlined goals of increasing European scientific and technological autonomy to reduce reliance on other countries, especially China, and started to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eiu.com\/n\/eu-unveils-strategy-to-reduce-dependency-on-china\/\">implement the strategy in 2021<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China is also using science, technology and scholarly research generally to serve national interests. The government has explicitly pushed the idea that research shall primarily <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-00638-3\">serve national needs<\/a>, and Chinese scholars are increasingly under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20191212160548739\">political control<\/a>. In 2021 there were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/china\/2021\/08\/28\/research-centres-promoting-xi-jinpings-ideas-are-proliferating\">18 research centers<\/a> devoted to studying and promoting Xi Jinping\u2019s ideas on matters such as rule of law, economics and green development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Global consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many researchers in the U.S., Europe and China <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01386-0\">have voiced concerns<\/a> that geopolitical rivalries are curtailing international research collaboration at a time when the world needs it the most.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a major risk that the <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencebusiness.net\/news\/how-keep-science-open-also-secure-g7-nations-work-answer\">impediments to international scientific collaboration<\/a> will further increase, further harming data sharing, the quality of research and the ability to disseminate results that contributing to solving problems. I often hear researchers, university leaders and funding agencies in Europe, the U.S. and China vent their frustration with the current situation. Many in the research community would like to see a more open and global science landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is possible to work toward a future where science is more separate \u2013 but not naively isolated \u2013 from changing power dynamics. As issues like climate change increase in severity, it will become only more important that researchers build international relationships that are responsible, reciprocal, transparent and equitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/tommy-shih-1342637\">Tommy Shih<\/a>, Associate Professor in Business Administration, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/lund-university-756\">Lund University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/its-getting-harder-for-scientists-to-collaborate-across-borders-thats-bad-when-the-world-faces-global-problems-like-pandemics-and-climate-change-184800\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tommy Shih, Lund University The United Nations and many researchers have emphasized the critical role international collaborative science plays in solving global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss and pandemics. The rise of non-Western countries as science powers is helping to drive this type of global cooperative research. For example, Brazil, Russia, India, China and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":30366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4,3410],"tags":[12149,145,9092,1845,5101,209,193,1808,12148,104],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30365"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30365"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30367,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30365\/revisions\/30367"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}