{"id":34399,"date":"2023-07-06T04:14:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T04:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=34399"},"modified":"2023-07-08T14:09:23","modified_gmt":"2023-07-08T14:09:23","slug":"400-years-ago-philosopher-blaise-pascal-was-one-of-the-first-to-grapple-with-the-role-of-faith-in-an-age-of-science-and-reason","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/400-years-ago-philosopher-blaise-pascal-was-one-of-the-first-to-grapple-with-the-role-of-faith-in-an-age-of-science-and-reason\/","title":{"rendered":"400 years ago, philosopher Blaise Pascal was one of the first to grapple with the role of faith in an age of science and\u00a0reason"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

David Hoinski<\/a>, West Virginia University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an apostolic letter released on June 19, 2023, Pope Francis praised the \u201cbrilliant and inquisitive mind<\/a>\u201d of the influential French philosopher Blaise Pascal<\/a>, born on that date 400 years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Pascal lived, at the height of the 17th century\u2019s scientific revolution, rapid advances were taking place in all areas of science. Pascal\u2019s significant accomplishments included one of the first calculating machines<\/a>, the world\u2019s first public transport system<\/a> and various mathematical models<\/a>, among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, Pascal\u2019s influence in the modern world extends so far that biographer James A. Connor wrote<\/a>, \u201cYou cannot walk ten feet in the 21st century without running into something that Pascal did not affect in one way or another.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am an expert in the history of Western philosophy<\/a>. What interests me about Pascal is that he was among the first to grapple with the implications of modern science for religious faith and his scientific sophistication did not keep him from being a devout religious believer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Religion in the age of science<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pascal was well acquainted with what could and could not be known through the mathematical method, the experimental method and reason itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Illustration<\/a>
Blaise Pascal: French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher, 1623-1662. Engraving by Geille. Culture Club\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Through his philosophical investigations, he found that there were strict limits to what we as humans could know. For him, neither the scientific method nor reason more generally could teach individuals the meaning of life or the right way to live.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal also wrote about how humans tried to avoid thinking about their mortality, the extent of their ignorance and their liability to error. Yet he also believed that there was nothing more important for people to consider than their true human nature. In this reasoning, without understanding who we are, it would be difficult to understand how we ought to live.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Pascal\u2019s view, acquiring self-knowledge was a necessary stage on the way to recognizing one\u2019s need for living with faith and purpose in something beyond oneself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal\u2019s religion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In fact, Pascal argued that believing in the existence of God is essential to human happiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For all of his many ideas and accomplishments, he\u2019s probably most famous today for Pascal\u2019s Wager<\/a>, a philosophical argument that humans should bet on the existence of God. \u201cIf you win, you win everything; if you lose, you lose nothing<\/a>,\u201d he wrote. In other words, he argued, although one cannot know for certain whether or not God exists, we are better off believing in God\u2019s existence than not. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2F_LUFIeUk0?wmode=transparent&start=0 Pascal\u2019s Wager, Wireless Philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal saw Jesus as the indispensable mediator<\/a> between God and humankind. He believed that the Catholic Church was the only religion to teach the truth about human nature<\/a> and therefore offered the singular route to happiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal\u2019s preference for Catholicism over any other religion raises a difficult question, however. For why should anyone wager on one religion rather than another? Some scholars, such as Richard Popkin<\/a>, have gone so far as to call Pascal\u2019s attempts to discredit paganism, Judaism and Islam \u201cpedantic<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whatever one\u2019s religious beliefs, Pascal teaches that all individuals have to make a choice between faith in some reality beyond themselves or a life without belief. But a life without belief is also a choice, and in Pascal\u2019s view, a bad bet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Human beings have to wager and to commit themselves to a worldview on which each one would be willing to bet their life. It follows that, for Pascal, human beings could not avoid hope and fear: hope that their bets will turn out well, fear that they won\u2019t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indeed, people make countless daily wagers<\/a> \u2013 going to the grocery store, driving a car, riding the train, among others \u2013 but don\u2019t usually think of them as risky. According to Pascal, however, human lives as a whole can also be viewed as wagers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our big decisions are risks: For example, in choosing a certain course of education and career or in marrying a certain person, people are betting on a fulfilling life. In Pascal\u2019s view, people choose how to live and what to believe without really knowing whether or not their beliefs and decisions are good ones. We simply don\u2019t and can\u2019t know enough to live without wagering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal\u2019s unfinished masterpiece<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pascal presents his argument for the wager in his greatest work, the \u201cPens\u00e9es<\/a>\u201d \u2013 \u201cThoughts,\u201d in English. Throughout this work, Pascal emphasizes the need for faith, in light of a multifaceted exploration of human nature as well as a thorough investigation of the limits of reason, science and philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cover<\/a>
Title page of \u2018Pens\u00e9es\u2019 by Blaise Pascal. Bridgeman via Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pascal\u2019s central argument in \u201cPens\u00e9es\u201d for believing in God did not rest on proof of God\u2019s existence<\/a>. On the contrary, Pascal argued that God\u2019s existence cannot be proved because, for him, God is hidden \u2013 a \u201cdeus absconditus.\u201d He wrote that \u201cthere is enough light for those whose only desire is to see, and enough darkness for those of the opposite disposition,\u201d but ultimately no certainty was possible \u2013 and so humans faced a choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Pascal<\/a>, belief would make the difference between misery and true happiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the 400th anniversary of his birth, then, one way of honoring Pascal might be to risk believing in something beyond ourselves and what we can know; such faith might give us a chance of living well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

David Hoinski<\/a>, Teaching Associate Professor of Philosophy, West Virginia University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

David Hoinski, West Virginia University In an apostolic letter released on June 19, 2023, Pope Francis praised the \u201cbrilliant and inquisitive mind\u201d of the influential French philosopher Blaise Pascal, born on that date 400 years ago. When Pascal lived, at the height of the 17th century\u2019s scientific revolution, rapid advances were taking place in all […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":34400,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2450],"tags":[5476,2620,581,6610,14351,14350],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34399"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34399"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34422,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34399\/revisions\/34422"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34400"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}