{"id":38243,"date":"2024-12-02T14:45:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-02T14:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=38243"},"modified":"2024-12-03T07:14:10","modified_gmt":"2024-12-03T07:14:10","slug":"pardon-who-hunter-biden-case-renews-ethical-debate-over-use-and-limits-of-peculiar-presidential-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/pardon-who-hunter-biden-case-renews-ethical-debate-over-use-and-limits-of-peculiar-presidential-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Pardon who? Hunter Biden case renews ethical debate over use and limits of peculiar presidential power"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Scott Davidson<\/a>, West Virginia University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decision by President Joe Biden to pardon his son, Hunter<\/a>, despite previously suggesting he would not do so<\/a>, has reopened debate over the use of the presidential pardon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunter Biden will be spared potential jail time not simply over his convictions for gun and tax offenses, but any<\/a> \u201coffenses against the United States which he has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period Jan. 1, 2014 through December 1, 2024.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During his first tenure in the White House, Donald Trump issued a total of 144 pardons<\/a>. Following Biden\u2019s move to pardon his son, Trump raised the issue of those convicted<\/a> over involvement in the Jan. 6 storming of the U.S. Capitol, raising expectations that he may use the pardon in their cases \u2013 something Trump has repeatedly promised to do<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But should the pardon power be solely up to the president\u2019s discretion? Or should there be restrictions on who can be granted a pardon?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a scholar of ethics and political philosophy<\/a>, I find that much of the public debate around pardons needs to be framed within a more fundamental question: Should there be a presidential pardon power at all in a democracy governed by the rule of law? What, after all, is the purpose of a pardon?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From royal roots\u2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, the go-to book for legal terms, defines the pardon power<\/a> as, \u201can act of grace\u2026which exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.\u201d Although the power to pardon is probably as old as politics, the roots of the presidential pardon in the U.S. can be traced back to English law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The English Parliament legally placed an absolute pardon power in the hands of the monarch in 1535<\/a> during the reign of King Henry VIII. In the centuries that followed, however, Parliament imposed some limitations on this power, such as preventing pardons of outrageous crimes and pardons during an impeachment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Founding Fathers followed the English model in establishing the powers of the executive branch in Article II of the U.S. Constitution<\/a>. Section 2 of that article specifically grants the president the \u201cpower to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States\u201d and acknowledges one limitation to this power \u201cin cases of impeachment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the anti-democratic roots<\/a> of the pardon power were a point of contention during the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. In a 1788 debate, Virginia delegate George Mason, for example, said that the president \u201cought not to have the power of pardoning<\/a>, because he may frequently pardon crimes which were advised by himself. It may happen, at some future day, that he will establish a monarchy, and destroy the republic.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mason\u2019s concern clearly identifies this vestige of the absolute powers of the English monarchy as a potential threat to the new democracy. In reply, based on the assumption that the president would exercise this power cautiously, James Madison contended<\/a> that the restriction on the pardon power in cases of impeachment would be a sufficient safeguard against future presidential abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026to religious reasoning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The political concept of pardon is linked with the theological concept of divine mercy or the charity of an all-powerful God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pardon, as Supreme Court Justice Marshall noted in the 1833 United States v. Wilson ruling, is defined as \u201can act of grace<\/a>.\u201d Just as in the Abrahamic faiths \u2013 Islam, Judaism and Christianity \u2013 God has the power to give and to take life<\/a>, kings wield the power to take life through executions and to grant life through the exercise of pardons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Echoing the command of the Lord\u2019s Prayer \u201cto forgive the trespasses of others,\u201d English philosopher Thomas Hobbes<\/a>\u2019 book \u201cLeviathan\u201d<\/a> asserts that the sovereign ought to display grace by pardoning the offenses of those who, repenting those offenses, want pardon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Hobbes\u2019 choice \u2013 an image from \u2018Leviathan.\u2019 Photo by DeAgostini\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yet, this analogy with divine mercy for all individuals collides with the legal principle of treating different cases differently. If all trespasses were forgiven, pardon would be granted to all crimes equally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There would be no need for distinctions between the wrongly and the rightly convicted or the repentant and unrepentant criminal. All would be forgiven equally. Universal pardon thus violates the legal principle that each individual should receive their due<\/a>. In the eyes of law, it is impossible to pardon everything and everyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The incognito of pardon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

What Hobbes recognized, if imperfectly, is that the power of pardon is just as essential to political life as to our personal lives. It helps to overcome the antagonisms of the past and opens a path to peace and reconciliation with others. The act of forgiving, as political theorist Hannah Arendt<\/a> puts it, allows us \u201cto begin again<\/a>\u201d and to create a new future together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But how can we reconcile this need for pardon with the impossibility to forgive everything?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One answer can be found in the work of French philosopher Paul Ricoeur<\/a>. Ricoeur talks about the \u201cincognito of forgiveness<\/a>\u201d \u2013 \u201cforgiveness\u201d literally translates to \u201cpardon\u201d in French. Acknowledging the difficulty of turning pardon into a universal legal rule or norm, Ricoeur suggests<\/a> that pardon can exist only as an exception to legal rules and institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pardon, in Ricoeur\u2019s words<\/a>, \u201ccan find refuge only in gestures incapable of being transformed into institutions. These gestures\u2026designate the ineluctable space of consideration due to every human being, in particular to the guilty.\u201d In other words, it has to fly under the radar of rules and institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This insight is alluded to by Justice Marshall in his Wilson ruling<\/a>. Marshall states that pardon is \u201cthe private, though official act of the executive magistrate, delivered to the individual for whose benefit it is intended, and not communicated officially to the Court.\u201d The pardon remains incognito, or under the radar, in the sense that it is an extra-legal act that does not pass through legal institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In these last days of the Biden administration, this incognito of pardon offers an important reminder of the need for pardon as well as its limitations. The democratic transfer of power always involves an implicit act of pardon that remains incognito. It allows for a fresh start in which society can acknowledge the past transgressions of an outgoing administration, but move on with the hope to begin again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though critics of the president may reject individual acts of pardon, especially involving family members, society should not give up on the power of pardon itself: It brings a renewal of hope to democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor\u2019s note: This is an updated version of an article first published<\/a> on Dec. 15, 2024.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scott Davidson<\/a>, Professor of Philosophy, West Virginia University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scott Davidson, West Virginia University The decision by President Joe Biden to pardon his son, Hunter, despite previously suggesting he would not do so, has reopened debate over the use of the presidential pardon. Hunter Biden will be spared potential jail time not simply over his convictions for gun and tax offenses, but any \u201coffenses […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":38244,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[115,46,295,296,4],"tags":[15785,7046,885,891,886,860,15786,9507],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38243"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38243"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38245,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38243\/revisions\/38245"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}