{"id":3845,"date":"2015-06-20T21:41:35","date_gmt":"2015-06-20T21:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=3845"},"modified":"2016-08-14T23:50:11","modified_gmt":"2016-08-14T23:50:11","slug":"as-gatekeepers-moms-hold-keys-to-shared-parenting-duties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/as-gatekeepers-moms-hold-keys-to-shared-parenting-duties\/","title":{"rendered":"As gatekeepers, moms hold keys to shared parenting duties"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan<\/a>, The Ohio State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

As writer (and mother) Judith Shulevitz accurately explained in a New York Times op-ed<\/a>, mothers often shoulder the lion\u2019s share of invisible domestic labor in their families.<\/p>\n

According to Shulevitz, this includes \u201csearching the web for the best program, ordering equipment, packing snacks and so on. We fret that we\u2019re overscheduling the children, but don\u2019t seem to realize that we\u2019re also overscheduling ourselves.\u201d<\/p>\n

She concludes that moms are the \u201cdesignated worriers\u201d of families. But she errs in her implication that it\u2019s a biological or cultural inevitability for mothers to take on more child-rearing duties than fathers.<\/p>\n

I\u2019ve done extensive research on \u201cmaternal gatekeeping\u201d \u2013 the idea that mothers can exert control over fathers’ involvement in child-rearing through their attitudes and behaviors. And I\u2019ve discovered wide individual differences in how much new mothers encourage and discourage and otherwise control fathers’ involvement in child-rearing. These attitudes and behaviors of mothers, in turn, relate to how involved fathers are in raising their young children.<\/p>\n

The impact of mothers’ actions \u2013 and reactions<\/h2>\n

Because of established gender roles, mothers often have more agency when it comes to parenting decisions \u2013 and act as gatekeepers.<\/p>\n

Through surveys and observational studies, I\u2019ve found that some mothers actively support fathers’ involvement with children by complimenting fathers’ parenting or encouraging the father to spend one-on-one time with the children. Other mothers, however, undermine fathers’ involvement with children by criticizing their parenting or prioritizing their own time with children.<\/p>\n

These maternal behaviors have important implications for the division of housework and childcare. More equal sharing of visible and invisible domestic labor requires fathers to be actively involved in childcare. Mothers, then, must sacrifice the role of having the \u201cfinal say\u201d on child-rearing decisions.<\/p>\n

In fact, in my own research, the extent to which mothers open or close the gate to fathers’ involvement appears consequential. It\u2019s related to how much fathers are involved in the day-to-day care of their children and how confident fathers appear when interacting with their children<\/a>. It\u2019s also related to less tangible aspects of parenting, including how much influence fathers feel like they have in child-related decision-making<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Family scientists Sarah Allen and Alan Hawkins studied<\/a> the idea of maternal gatekeeping in the late 1990s. They classified 21% of dual-earner mothers as \u201cgate closers\u201d: those who had high standards for housework and childcare, believed in distinct family roles for men and women and felt that family work was critical to their identities as wives and mothers.<\/p>\n

These gate closers reported completing five more hours of housework and childcare per week than other mothers. They also reported that they did eight more hours of domestic work per week than their partners.<\/p>\n

In my own research on new parents in dual-earner families<\/a>, I\u2019ve found that approximately 40% of parents report that mothers sometimes \u201ctake over\u201d and do it their own way when fathers do something mothers don\u2019t approve of. A smaller percentage of mothers report that they sometimes respond to their spouses’ parenting with criticism.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Percent of parents reporting 3 or higher on a 6-point scale (1 = never; 6 = every time).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Many \u2013 but not all \u2013 parents report that mothers frequently compliment fathers and encourage them to spend one-on-one time with their infants in an effort to support father involvement in child-rearing. Not surprising, perhaps, is that new fathers tend to think mothers are somewhat less encouraging and more critical of their parenting.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Percent of parents reporting 3 or higher on a 6-point scale (1 = never; 6 = several times\/day).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

What makes a mother more likely to be a gate closer?<\/h2>\n

I\u2019ve also observed parents interacting together with their infants in a variety of staged situations.<\/p>\n

In a typical exercise, my colleagues and I have asked parents to change their baby\u2019s clothes together. We record these mother-father-baby interactions on a video camera before using a rating system to document how much mothers encourage or discourage fathers’ involvement with the baby.<\/p>\n

Here, we observed striking examples of maternal \u201cgate closing\u201d and \u201cgate opening\u201d behaviors. For instance, one mother decided that the father should undress the baby. But she then showed him exactly what to do \u2013 right down to pointing out the position of the snaps on the baby\u2019s outfit \u2013 and grimaced while the father tried to play with the baby.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, a different mother sat back patiently and smiled while her child\u2019s father changed the baby\u2019s outfit. When he finished, she complimented him (\u201cThat was fast \u2013 great job, Dad!\u201d).<\/p>\n

Whether directly observed or reported by parents, these differences in mothers’ behaviors are linked to ideological and psychological differences among parents. Mothers are more likely to limit fathers’ involvement when they or their partners have more traditional beliefs about appropriate parental and gender roles<\/a>. And gate-closing is especially prevalent when these traditional beliefs are accompanied by a strong tendency to experience negative emotions<\/a> \u2013 fear, anxiety or anger \u2013 in either the father or<\/em> the mother.<\/p>\n

Less is known about why some mothers are especially encouraging of father involvement in child-rearing, because few studies have focused as much attention on these positive behaviors as on the negative ones.<\/p>\n

We still have a lot to learn about maternal gatekeeping: why it happens, and what it means for mothers, fathers and children. Certainly, these behaviors could have roots in humans’ evolutionary history.<\/p>\n

Even so, some parents appear able to overcome these tendencies, and avoid defaulting to mom as the \u201cdesignated parent,\u201d which moves us one step closer to releasing mothers from the role of \u201cdesignated worrier.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan<\/a> is Professor of Human Sciences and Psychology at The Ohio State University<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>.
\nRead the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, The Ohio State University As writer (and mother) Judith Shulevitz accurately explained in a New York Times op-ed, mothers often shoulder the lion\u2019s share of invisible domestic labor in their families. According to Shulevitz, this includes \u201csearching the web for the best program, ordering equipment, packing snacks and so on. We fret that […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":6230,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[118,36],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3845"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6231,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845\/revisions\/6231"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}