{"id":38955,"date":"2025-03-14T13:55:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T13:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=38955"},"modified":"2025-03-15T07:12:34","modified_gmt":"2025-03-15T07:12:34","slug":"see-you-in-the-funny-papers-how-superhero-comics-tell-the-story-of-jewish-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/see-you-in-the-funny-papers-how-superhero-comics-tell-the-story-of-jewish-america\/","title":{"rendered":"See you in the funny papers: How superhero comics tell the story of Jewish America"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Miriam Eve Mora<\/a>, University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nearly a hundred years ago, a hastily crafted spaceship crash-landed in Smallville, Kansas. Inside was an infant \u2013 the sole survivor of a planet destroyed by old age. Discovering he possessed superhuman strength and abilities, the boy committed to channeling his power to benefit humankind and champion the oppressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is the story of Superman: one of the most recognizable characters in history, who first reached audiences in the pages of Action Comics<\/a> in 1938 \u2013 what many fans consider the most important single comic in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a historian of American immigration and ethnicity<\/a> \u2013 and a lifelong comics fan \u2013 I read this well-known bit of fiction as an allegory about immigration and the American dream. It is, at its core, the ultimate story of an immigrant in the early 20th century, when many people saw the United States as a land with open gates, providing such orphans of the world an opportunity to reach their fullest potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taken in and raised by a rural family under the name Clark Kent, the baby was imbued with the best qualities of America. But, like all immigrant stories, Kent\u2019s is a two-parter. There is also the emigrant story: the story of how Kal-El \u2013 Superman\u2019s name at birth \u2013 was driven from his home on Planet Krypton to embrace a new land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That origin story reflects the heritage of Superman\u2019s creators: two of the many Jewish American writers and artists who ushered in the Golden Age of comic books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jewish history\u2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"A
A card from 1909, found in the Jewish Museum of New York, depicts Jewish Americans welcoming Jews emigrating from Russia. Heritage Images\/Hulton Archive via Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The American comics industry was largely started by the children of Jewish immigrants. Like most publishing in the early 20th century, it was centered in New York City, home to the country\u2019s largest Jewish population<\/a>. Though they were still a very small minority, immigration had swelled the United States\u2019 Jewish population more than a thousandfold: from roughly 3,000 in 1820 to roughly 3,500,000 in 1920<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comic books had not yet been devised, but strip comics in newspapers were a regular feature. They began in the late 19th century with popular stories featuring recurring characters, such as Richard F. Outcault\u2019s \u201cYellow Kid<\/a>\u201d and \u201cthe Little Bears<\/a>\u201d by Jimmy Swinnerton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few Jewish creators were able to break into the industry, such as Harry Hershfield and his comic \u201cAbie the Agent<\/a>.\u201d Hershfield\u2019s success was exceptional in three ways: He broke into mainstream newspaper comics, his titular character was also Jewish, and he never adopted an anglicized pen name \u2013 as many other Jewish creators felt they must.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hulton
Shoppers and vendors outside of haberdasheries on Hester Street in a Jewish neighborhood of New York\u2019s Lower East Side around 1900. Photo by Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Generally, however, Jews were barred from the more prestigious jobs in newspaper cartooning. A more accessible alternative was the cheaper, second-tier business of reprinting previously published works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1933, second-generation Jewish New Yorker Max Gaines \u2013 born Maxwell Ginzburg \u2013 began a new publication, \u201cFunnies on Parade<\/a>.\u201d \u201cFunnies\u201d pulled together preexisting comic strips, reproducing them in saddle-stitched pamphlets that became the standard for the American comics industry. He went on to found All-American Comics and Educational Comics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another publisher, Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson<\/a>, founded National Allied Publications in 1934 and published the first comic book to feature entirely new material, rather than reprints of newspaper strips. He joined forces with two Jewish immigrants, Harry Donenfeld and Jack Leibowitz<\/a>. At National, they created and distributed Detective and Action Comics \u2013 the precursors to DC, which would become one of the two largest comics distributors in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was at Action Comics that Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, two second-generation immigrants from a Jewish neighborhood in Cleveland, found a home for Superman<\/a>. It would also be where two Jewish kids from the Bronx, Bob Kane and Bill Finger<\/a> \u2013 born Robert Kahn and Milton Finger \u2013 found a home for their character, Batman, in 1939.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, creators of Superman, pictured in the 1940s. New Yorker\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The success of these characters inspired another prominent second-generation Jewish New Yorker, pulp magazine publisher Moses \u201cMartin\u201d Goodman, to enter comics production with his line, \u201cTimely Comics.\u201d The 1939 debut featured what would become two of the early industry\u2019s most well-known superheroes: the Sub-Mariner<\/a> and the Human Torch<\/a>. These characters would be mainstays of Goodman\u2019s company, even when it became better known as Marvel Comics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus were born the \u201cbig two,\u201d Marvel and DC, from humble Jewish origins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026and Jewish stories<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The creation and popularization of superhero comics isn\u2019t Jewish just because of its history. The content was, too, reflecting the values and priorities of Jewish America at the time: a community influenced by its origins and traditions, as well as the American mainstream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of the most foundational early comics echo Jewish history and texts, such as Superman\u2019s story<\/a>, which parallels the Jewish hero Moses. The biblical prophet was born in Egypt, where the Israelites were enslaved, and soon after Pharaoh ordered the murder of all their newborn sons. Similarly, Superman\u2019s people, the Kryptonians, faced an existential threat: the destruction of their planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moses\u2019 life is saved when his mother floats him down the Nile in a hastily constructed and tarred basket. Kal-El, too, is sent away to safety in a hastily constructed craft. Both boys are raised by strangers in a strange land and destined to become heroes to their people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comics also reflected the feelings and fears of Jews in a moment in time. For example, in the wake of Kristallnacht \u2013 the 1938 night of widespread organized attacks on German Jews and their property, which many historians see as a turning point<\/a> toward the Holocaust \u2013 Finger and Kane debuted Batman\u2019s Gotham City<\/a>. The city is a dark contrast to Superman\u2019s shining metropolis, a place where villains lurked around every corner and reflected the darkest sides of modern humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some comic artists and writers used their platform to make political statements. Jack Kirby \u2013 born Kurtzberg \u2013 and Hymie \u201cJoe\u201d Simon, creators of Captain America, explained that they \u201cknew what was going on over in Europe. World events gave us the perfect comic-book villain, Adolf Hitler, with his ranting, goose-stepping and ridiculous moustache. So we decided to create the perfect hero<\/a> who would be his foil.\u201d The comic debut of Captain America in 1941 featured a brightly colored cover with the brand-new hero punching Adolf Hitler<\/a> in the face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In later generations, characters penned by Jewish authors continued to grapple with issues of outsider status, hiding aspects of their identity, and maintaining their determination to better the world in spite of rejection from it. Think of Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four and X-Men. All of these were created by Stan Lee<\/a> \u2013 another Jewish creator, born Stanley Martin Lieber \u2013 who was hired into Timely Comics at just 17 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With so many of the most popular comics written by New York Jews, and centered in the city, much of New York\u2019s Yiddish-tinged, recognizably Jewish language made its way onto the pages. Lee\u2019s Spider-Man, for example, frequently exclaims \u201coy!\u201d or calls bad guys \u201cputz\u201d or \u201cshmuck.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In later years, Jewish authors such as Chris Claremont<\/a> and Brian Michael Bendis<\/a> introduced or took over mainstream characters who were overtly Jewish \u2013 reflecting an emerging comfort with a more public Jewish ethnic identity in America. In X-Men, for example, Kitty Pryde<\/a> recounts her encounters with contemporary antisemitism. Magneto, who is at times friend but often foe of the X-Men, developed a backstory as a Holocaust survivor<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

History is never solely about retelling; it\u2019s about gaining a better understanding of complex narratives. Trends in comics history, particularly in the superhero genre, offer insight into the ways that Jewish American anxieties, ambitions, patriotism and sense of place in the U.S. continually changed over the 20th century. To me, this understanding makes the retelling of these classic stories even more meaningful and entertaining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miriam Eve Mora<\/a>, Managing Director of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, University of Michigan<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Miriam Eve Mora, University of Michigan Nearly a hundred years ago, a hastily crafted spaceship crash-landed in Smallville, Kansas. Inside was an infant \u2013 the sole survivor of a planet destroyed by old age. Discovering he possessed superhuman strength and abilities, the boy committed to channeling his power to benefit humankind and champion the oppressed. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":38956,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[293,279,7,10,39,41],"tags":[4448,4136,16137,3182,16138,885,891,886,860,6610,14163,4373],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38955"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38957,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955\/revisions\/38957"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38956"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}