On Jan. 21, in a collective demonstration of historic proportions, millions of women marched<\/a> in Washington, D.C. and other cities around the world in support of key policy issues<\/a> such as reproductive rights, equal pay for equal work and support for balancing work and family. <\/p>\n These marches demonstrated the empowerment of women and a widespread commitment to ensuring that women\u2019s rights are furthered \u2013 and not eroded \u2013 by policymakers. But policy is not the only arena that affects women\u2019s freedoms and well-being. <\/p>\n If equality begins at home, how much progress has been made toward equality in parenting?<\/p>\n The day after the march, The New York Times<\/a> published an article that described a scene in Montclair, New Jersey, showing what happened when women were absent from town. The article narrated how women\u2019s absence resulted in empty yoga classes, Starbucks cafes populated by men and hapless fathers struggling to juggle children\u2019s weekend schedules. <\/p>\n In other words, as its critics pointed out, the article reinforced the outdated notion<\/a> that mothers are the primary parents and fathers are (at best) mere helpers and incapable of caring for children independently. <\/p>\n My research focuses on the sharing of parenting between mothers and fathers in dual-earner couples \u2013 a group that is most likely to hold gender egalitarian beliefs<\/a>. In this group, successfully balancing work and family makes some degree of shared parenting necessary.<\/p>\n My research and that of others shows that even though significant progress has been made toward gender equality in parenting, more subtle inequalities remain. Many fathers \u2013 even those in the households most likely to have progressive views on parenting \u2013 have not achieved equality with mothers in key areas.<\/p>\n It is true that today\u2019s fathers are more involved in parenting children than ever before. Over the past half-century, fathers in America nearly tripled their child care time<\/a> from 2.5 hours per week in 1965 to seven hours per week in 2011. <\/p>\n But, over this period, women\u2019s parenting time too has increased<\/a> \u2013 from 10 hours per week in 1965 to 14 hours per week in 2011. This has resulted in a smaller but persistent gap in the time mothers and fathers spend on parenting.<\/p>\n This gap starts in the earliest months of parenthood. Using detailed daily records of new parents\u2019 activities, my team\u2019s research has shown that working mothers take on a greater share of the child care burden for a new baby than do fathers. In fact, new mothers allocated twice<\/a> as much of their available time to routine child care activities than fathers.<\/p>\n When considering time spent in child care plus time spent in housework and working for pay, the birth of a baby increased mothers\u2019 total workload by 21 hours per week<\/a>. In contrast, fathers\u2019 total workload increased by only 12.5 hours per week. This represents a 70 percent greater increase in workload for women compared to men. <\/p>\n These differences cannot be explained away by differences in paid work hours or breastfeeding. <\/p>\n So, the question remains, why hasn\u2019t fathers\u2019 greater involvement substituted for mothers\u2019 involvement, thus reducing the parenting burden on women? <\/p>\n What has happened is that middle-class families now follow the norm of \u201cintensive parenting<\/a>,\u201d which dictates that parenting should be child-centered, guided by expert advice and costly in terms of time, money and emotional investment in order to produce the most successful child possible.<\/p>\n Picture modern parents scouring bookstores for the latest parenting manual and preschool math workbooks, fretting over their toddler\u2019s picky eating habits and overloading their weekly schedules with children\u2019s activities and playdates. This pressure to parent intensively does not fall equally on middle-class mothers and fathers, however. Because motherhood remains an idealized role<\/a>, it is mothers who experience the greatest pressure to meet these unrealistic parenting standards. <\/p>\n Mothers who feel intense pressure to invest heavily in their children may also be reluctant to give up control over parenting. What ends up happening is that fathers spend less time in sole charge of their children. Research on parenting time shows that women are in sole charge of their children for nearly one-third of their time<\/a> whereas men only for about 8 percent of their time.<\/p>\n Thus, even fathers who are highly involved coparents may experience parenting primarily in the company of children\u2019s mothers and more rarely on their own. <\/p>\n Another area in which subtle, persistent inequality exists is multitasking \u2013 especially doing several unpaid work activities (e.g., housework and child care) at the same time.<\/p>\n Mothers multitask more than fathers do. A recent study showed the size of this difference: mothers in dual-earner families spent 10 more hours per week multitasking<\/a> than did fathers.<\/p>\n When fathers are parenting solo, they may be focusing on the basics: making sure children are fed, getting children to\/from activities, etc. In contrast, when mothers are parenting solo, they may be taking care of the basics while also getting housework done and\/or doing paid work. <\/p>\n Although multitasking may be efficient, frequent multitasking contributes to greater day-to-day stress for mothers compared to fathers. Mothers who did more multitasking at home felt more frustrated, irritated and anxious<\/a>. They said they felt more often rushed or pressed for time<\/a>.<\/p>\n Thus, if fathers are less likely to multitask child care and housework, some women may have returned from the march to weekend laundry or grocery shopping left undone, thus beginning the new work week with an additional burden.<\/p>\n Intensive parenting requires strong dedication to managing children\u2019s activities, organizing schedules and making appointments \u2013 part of the so-called \u201cworry work<\/a>\u201d of parenting. <\/p>\n This aspect of parenting is especially challenging to study, because much of this work takes place inside the parent\u2019s head. Research that has surveyed or interviewed parents about who takes responsibility for the managerial and organizational aspects of parenting indicates that mothers take greater responsibility than fathers<\/a>. <\/p>\n In fact, fathers\u2019 involvement in this component of parenting has lagged behind gains<\/a> in their direct involvement in caring for their children. In other words, mothers are more likely to make child care arrangements, schedule doctors\u2019 appointments and sign the permission slips. Mothers remember and mothers remind. <\/p>\n Perhaps some mothers who traveled to the D.C. march might want to recall, how many reminders and to-do lists for children and fathers did they need to leave behind? And how many text messages were exchanged with fathers about where to find a missing sport or dance class accessory?<\/p>\n The truth, as made evident through The New York Times article, is: We still have a way to go to achieve equality in parenting.<\/p>\n Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan<\/a>, Professor of Human Sciences and Psychology; Faculty Associate of the Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dads are more involved in parenting, yes, but moms still put in more work Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, The Ohio State University On Jan. 21, in a collective demonstration of historic proportions, millions of women marched in Washington, D.C. and other cities around the world in support of key policy issues such as reproductive rights, equal pay […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":8673,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[292,10],"tags":[1183,1888,1890,1034,1889,417],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8672"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8672"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8672\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8674,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8672\/revisions\/8674"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8672"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8672"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8672"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Men\u2019s parenting time has increased, but women\u2019s has too<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/155379\/width754\/image-20170202-1641-x6su44.jpg\")
\n Penumbra<\/a>, CC BY-NC-ND<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\nMothers face intense parenting pressure<\/h2>\n
Mothers do more multitasking<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/155377\/width237\/image-20170202-1685-1td5ot7.jpg\")
\n Anne Worner<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\nMothers do more managing and organizing<\/h2>\n
![\"The](\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/72026\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\")
<\/p>\n