{"id":9189,"date":"2017-05-18T18:06:02","date_gmt":"2017-05-18T18:06:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=9189"},"modified":"2017-05-18T18:06:02","modified_gmt":"2017-05-18T18:06:02","slug":"are-movies-a-good-way-to-learn-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/are-movies-a-good-way-to-learn-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Are movies a good way to learn history?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/scott-alan-metzger-358527\">Scott Alan Metzger<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/pennsylvania-state-university-1258\">Pennsylvania State University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hollywood loves history. At <a href=\"http:\/\/oscar.go.com\/news\/winners\/oscar-winners-2017-see-the-complete-list\">this year\u2019s Academy Awards<\/a>, three nominees for Best Picture (\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fencesmovie.com\/\">Fences<\/a>,\u201d \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hacksawridge.movie\/\">Hacksaw Ridge<\/a>\u201d and \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hiddenfigures.com\/\">Hidden Figures<\/a>\u201d) were \u201chistorical\u201d to today\u2019s teenagers \u2013 set in or about events that occurred before they were born. <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/75976\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>History movies, like most movies, have a huge audience in the U.S. Even Disney\u2019s notorious 2004 version of \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0318974\/\">The Alamo<\/a>\u201d \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/business.time.com\/2012\/03\/21\/the-top-ten-biggest-money-losing-movies-of-all-time\/slide\/the-alamo\/\">a box office \u201cbomb\u201d<\/a> \u2013 was seen by millions. That\u2019s far more people than read most best-selling historians\u2019 books.<\/p>\n<p>A lot of these viewers are kids, watching the movies in theaters, at home and even at school. I\u2019ve observed \u201cThe Alamo\u201d used by teachers on more than one occasion.<\/p>\n<p>But are motion pictures like these good for learning about history? As a scholar of social studies education and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Teaching-History-with-Film-Strategies-for-Secondary-Social-Studies\/Marcus-Metzger-Paxton-Stoddard\/p\/book\/9780415999564\">the use of film to teach history<\/a>, I offer the response that films can support learning \u2013 if used to meet specific goals and connected to the proper subject matter.<\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RK8xHq6dfAo?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">2016\u2019s \u2018Hidden Figures\u2019 was nominated for Best Picture. Will it be used in classrooms some day to teach about this moment in the 1960s?<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The allure of history movies<\/h2>\n<p>Fact-based or fictional, realistic or fantastic, history movies shape the way people think about the past. In a study of how 15 families discussed historical understanding of the Vietnam War era, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0002831206298677\">kids and parents both spontaneously drew on memories of movies<\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0109830\/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1\">Forrest Gump<\/a>,\u201d in particular, was referenced by both generations.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not surprising that teachers want to draw on this cultural power, showing movies in class to get students more excited about history. In one study of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mccc.edu\/pdf\/cmn107\/the%20burden%20of%20historical%20representation%20race%20freedom%20and%20educational%20hollywood%20film.pdf\">84 Wisconsin and Connecticut teachers<\/a>, nearly 93 percent reported that they use some portion of a film at least once a week. While not enough to draw clear conclusions, this study does suggest that history films are likely used quite often in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>So why do teachers choose to show movies with class time?<\/p>\n<p>People often talk about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/pros-and-cons-movies-in-class-7762\">stereotype of the busy\/lazy\/overwhelmed teacher<\/a> who puts on a movie instead of doing \u201creal\u201d teaching. However, research indicates that teachers actually tend to have good motives when it comes to showing movies in class.<\/p>\n<p>In that study of 84 teachers, most felt that students are more motivated and learn more when a film is used. Case studies also describe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Teaching-History-with-Film-Strategies-for-Secondary-Social-Studies\/Marcus-Metzger-Paxton-Stoddard\/p\/book\/9780415999564\">other academic goals teachers have for using movies in class<\/a>, which include understanding historical controversies, visualizing narratives of the past and studying movies as \u201cprimary sources\u201d that reflect the time at which they were made.<\/p>\n<p>In a recent study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.org.uk\/publications\/categories\/304\/resource\/7132\/the-international-journal-volume-12-number-1\">more than 200 Australian teachers<\/a>, many described how movies added audio and visual elements to learning and showcased a more personal, empathetic look at historical figures and events \u2013 both aspects that the teachers felt resonated with the learning styles and preferences of their pupils.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169557\/area14mp\/file-20170516-11966-kob1uw.png\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169557\/width754\/file-20170516-11966-kob1uw.png\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">1994\u2019s \u2018Forrest Gump\u2019 is a popular cultural touchpoint for thinking about the Vietnam War.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paramount.com\/movies\/forrest-gump\">Paramount Pictures<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Do students trust movies?<\/h2>\n<p>Most young people are savvy enough to know that movies and TV are fictionalized, but that doesn\u2019t mean they know how to keep history and Hollywood separate. After all, movies and TV shows set in a historical period can be extensively researched and often <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.uillinois.edu\/books\/catalog\/57hsn7hf9780252076893.html\">blend fact and fiction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ760285\">a study of two U.S. history classes,<\/a> high school students interviewed claimed that \u201cHollywood\u201d films are less trustworthy sources of information. Yet in classroom activities, they treated them like any other legitimate source \u2013 perhaps because the teacher adds some unintentional legitimacy simply by choosing the film. The teacher \u201cmust see some good history in it,\u201d explained one student. \u201cI don\u2019t think he\u2019s going to show something random,\u201d said another.<\/p>\n<p>A case study by education professor <a href=\"http:\/\/education.uconn.edu\/person\/alan-marcus\/\">Alan Marcus<\/a> found that students believed most movies watched in class to be <a href=\"http:\/\/www.infoagepub.com\/products\/Celluloid-Blackboard-Teaching-History-with-Film\">at least somewhat trustworthy<\/a> \u2013 a source of information to gather facts.<\/p>\n<p>The level of trust students have may also depend on their prior knowledge or cultural viewpoints, as in a study of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.infoagepub.com\/products\/Celluloid-Blackboard-Teaching-History-with-Film\">26 Wisconsin teenagers<\/a> \u2013 half of them white and half Native American. The Native American teens found the 1993 Kevin Costner film \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0099348\/\">Dances with Wolves<\/a>\u201d to be slightly more trustworthy than their white peers did. The white students, on the other hand, rated the school textbook as much more trustworthy than the Native American teens did.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169561\/area14mp\/file-20170516-11956-1oo69a4.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169561\/width754\/file-20170516-11956-1oo69a4.jpg\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The perceived trustworthiness of Kevin Costner\u2019s \u2018Dances with Wolves\u2019 may depend on a student\u2019s cultural background.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Orion Pictures<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Educational challenges<\/h2>\n<p>The complicated relationship between fact and fiction is just one of the many challenge educators face when using history movies in their classrooms. It\u2019s not as simple as pressing \u201cplay.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Among the host of practical and academic challenges:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Many history movies are R-rated, with material parents may not want shown in class.<\/li>\n<li>Some administrators aren\u2019t supportive of spending class time on popular media.<\/li>\n<li>Pressure to cover content standards and prepare for testing can leave little time for intensive media projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The very structure of the school day, in fact, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iajiss.org\/index.php\/iajiss\/article\/viewArticle\/116\">makes it difficult to fit film viewing into the curriculum<\/a> \u2013 especially if discussion and reviewing strategies are included.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps the most daunting question is whether movies are actually good for learning history.<\/p>\n<p>In one Australian study, most participating teachers believed film to be useful, but some took the position that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iajiss.org\/index.php\/iajiss\/article\/viewArticle\/116\">film can confuse students with inaccurate portrayals<\/a>. \u201cHollywood distorts history, but kids remember what they\u2018ve seen more than the facts,\u201d said one teacher.<\/p>\n<p>A psychological research study found that viewing history films <a href=\"http:\/\/psych.wustl.edu\/memory\/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s\/Butler%20et%20al%20(2009)_PsychSci.pdf\">considerably increased factual recall<\/a> when the film matched historical readings. However, students came away with considerable misinformation when the film conflicted with the readings \u2013 because the students remembered the film and not the text. This occurred even when students were generally warned that the history movies were fictional.<\/p>\n<p>With specific warnings about false details, most students were able to remember the accurate information as well as the misinformation. Teachers must set the stage when a movie is introduced, helping students mentally tag which elements are inaccurate.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169567\/area14mp\/file-20170516-11956-d5q30w.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/169567\/width754\/file-20170516-11956-d5q30w.jpg\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Zack Snyder\u2019s 2006 epic \u2018300\u2019 has some big pieces of misinformation, but the bulk of the narrative elements is more accurate than many people think.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.warnerbros.com\/300\">Warner Bros.<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>How to learn history from Hollywood<\/h2>\n<p>History movies have potential as learning tools, but that potential isn\u2019t easy to realize.<\/p>\n<p>Teachers need strong subject matter knowledge about the topics portrayed, so that they can frame the movie and its relationship to fact and fiction. Teachers also need to have sound learning goals and awareness of the diverse cultural viewpoints that students bring to the classroom. And they need the time and resources for meaningful discussion or assignments after viewing.<\/p>\n<p>Simply put, history movies \u2013 and most other media \u2013 by themselves don\u2019t teach.<\/p>\n<p>If a teacher lines up proper film choice, lesson goals, subject matter and class activities using the film, it is possible to really learn about history by way of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/scott-alan-metzger-358527\">Scott Alan Metzger<\/a>, Associate Professor of Education, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/pennsylvania-state-university-1258\">Pennsylvania State University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/are-movies-a-good-way-to-learn-history-75976\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scott Alan Metzger, Pennsylvania State University Hollywood loves history. At this year\u2019s Academy Awards, three nominees for Best Picture (\u201cFences,\u201d \u201cHacksaw Ridge\u201d and \u201cHidden Figures\u201d) were \u201chistorical\u201d to today\u2019s teenagers \u2013 set in or about events that occurred before they were born. History movies, like most movies, have a huge audience in the U.S. Even [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":9190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[292],"tags":[1075,335,1078,2378,1409,2225,2379,2377,2136,2380,2381,2382],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9189"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9189"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9189\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9191,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9189\/revisions\/9191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}