{"id":9311,"date":"2017-06-06T23:02:00","date_gmt":"2017-06-06T23:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=9311"},"modified":"2017-06-06T22:26:22","modified_gmt":"2017-06-06T22:26:22","slug":"trumps-push-for-self-sufficiency-misses-the-point-of-safety-net-programs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/trumps-push-for-self-sufficiency-misses-the-point-of-safety-net-programs\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump&#8217;s push for self-sufficiency misses the point of safety net programs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/david-campbell-357696\">David Campbell<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/binghamton-university-state-university-of-new-york-2252\">Binghamton University, State University of New York<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/kristina-lambright-360945\">Kristina Lambright<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/binghamton-university-state-university-of-new-york-2252\">Binghamton University, State University of New York<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s how Office of Management and Budget Director <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2017\/05\/23\/529654114\/medical-research-health-care-face-deep-cuts-in-trump-budget\">Mick Mulvaney<\/a> has tried to justify the Trump administration\u2019s bid to cut or scrap many safety net programs: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cWe are no longer going to measure compassion by the number of programs or the number of people on those programs. We are going to measure compassion and success by the number of people we get off of those programs to get back in charge of their own lives.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In other words, Mulvaney is arguing that the main criterion for a program\u2019s success should be whether it leads to self-sufficiency. But as researchers who have studied ways to evaluate social services, we don\u2019t think this metric makes sense in this case.<\/p>\n<h2>Evaluating government programs<\/h2>\n<p>Determining whether a government program works involves looking at its goals and whom it\u2019s supposed to help.<\/p>\n<p>Congress created and has sustained a safety net to help people meet basic needs and reduce poverty, and these are its goals. Many of the people who benefit from it are already working or cannot work because of a disability.<\/p>\n<p>In short, government-provided social services and benefits are often not simply handouts on the road to a job that will pay the bills for Americans temporarily facing hard times. They also make it possible for the working poor, the disabled, the elderly and children living in poverty to get the food, shelter and medical care they need to survive. <\/p>\n<p>The proposed cuts are surprising because many of these programs enjoy widespread <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publicconsultation.org\/federal-budget\/americans-support-greater-federal-efforts-to-reduce-poverty\/\">bipartisan support<\/a>, according to polling by the University of Maryland\u2019s Program for Public Consultation.<\/p>\n<h2>Energy and food aid<\/h2>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" lang=\"en\"><p>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/824440456813707265\"><\/a>\n           <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>          <script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Our research involves looking at how funders and providers of social programs assess the work they do. <\/p>\n<p>In one study, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.2753\/PMR1530-9576360101\">we surveyed<\/a> 145 funders and providers. The average respondent told us that the most important reason they assess outcomes is to see if their programs are accomplishing their goals. Based on follow-up interviews with a subset of this group, we learned that their goals varied depending on the purpose of the program. For example, early childhood education programs can measure the academic achievement of the kids who benefit from it a few years later, and teen pregnancy prevention programs may assess success based on how many participants get pregnant before adulthood. <\/p>\n<p>If you apply this basic standard to the programs the Trump administration seeks to cut, the evidence indicates safety net programs are meeting their goals. <\/p>\n<p>Take the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), established by Congress in 1981, which helps poor Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/ocs\/resource\/liheap-fact-sheet-0\">pay their utility bills<\/a>. That program, which the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/05\/23\/politics\/trump-budget-cuts-programs\/\">Trump administration wants to eliminate<\/a>, targets the elderly, disabled and households with young children. By helping to keep the heat on when it\u2019s cold out so <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhsr\/nhsr076.pdf\">no one in a household freezes<\/a> and the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/06\/22\/us\/heat-wave-deaths\/\">air conditioning humming<\/a> during heat waves, it\u2019s clearly aimed at meeting basic needs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254384671_The_Impact_of_Low_Income_Home_Energy_Assistance_Program_LIHEAP_Participation_on_Household_Energy_Insecurity\">Research about its effectiveness<\/a>, including a study by Anthony Murray of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and Bradford Mills of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, shows that the program works. They note that LIHEAP significantly reduces energy insecurity \u2013 a measure of whether people have enough home energy to meet their basic needs. Eliminating the program would increase energy insecurity among low-income Americans by 18 percent, they calculated.<\/p>\n<p>The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), popularly known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap\">food stamps<\/a>, is another safety net program <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2017\/5\/22\/15676490\/trump-budget-2018-explained\">on the chopping block<\/a> that appears to be working well. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap\">The program\u2019s explicit purpose<\/a> is reducing hunger, and research indicates that it achieves this goal. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/172274\/area14mp\/file-20170605-16849-1l2y4cu.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/172274\/width754\/file-20170605-16849-1l2y4cu.jpg\"><\/a><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Proposed cuts may mean fewer Americans will be able to rely on food stamps to feed their families.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usdagov\/4622011485\/in\/photolist-83r1Zc-q8gmPM-r94mxE-qtCeJw-bxnQUb-a184Ek-rt2hAZ-bj1BRX-8mVaJg-bjaasp-rquZ1V-rMeqM5-bb37K4-mwDGaZ-bb3f8k-rqwytA-ctzxPw-rwCrj5-rqBQra-azzmjq-8gQJCF-9C2DeJ-8pb4m4-8oTq4n-9AuekN-dQuN5i-biHLUM-qSp1K2-aRqnK8-83u8hU-qtQpVZ-qSp882-83r1VD-biCuDr-qtCftC-ctzBVm-rMeu4q-rK43ky-rPwsaD-ojJcpe-92mkgP-rwWj7w-92mkiV-9Aueu3-8e2scr-92prRb-9AriUP-pRxQEd-8wZXVL-rwXDxA\">U.S. Department of Agriculture\/flickr<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajae\/article-abstract\/93\/4\/1082\/203719\/How-Much-Does-the-Supplemental-Nutrition\">One recent study<\/a> from The Urban Institute, a think tank that researches government policies, found that getting food stamps reduced the chance that eligible Americans would would go hungry by approximately 30 percent. Analysis by the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbpp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/5-6-15pov.pdf\">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities<\/a>, another think tank that evaluates government policies, found that food stamps kept or lifted 10.3 million Americans out of poverty \u2013 an additional sign it is an effective piece of the safety net. <\/p>\n<p>Yet, Trump\u2019s reductions would <a href=\"http:\/\/m.startribune.com\/republicans-already-giving-trump-s-budget-a-cold-shoulder\/423439583\/\">cut federal spending<\/a> on food stamps by US$193 billion \u2013 more than a 25 percent reduction \u2013 over 10 years.<\/p>\n<p>Other safety net programs are also at risk. The proposed federal budget would <a href=\"http:\/\/nlihc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Trump-Budget.pdf\">decrease housing assistance<\/a> for 250,000 people, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbpp.org\/blog\/trump-budget-would-increase-homelessness-and-hardship-in-every-state-end-federal-role-in\">cut $1.8 billion<\/a> from public housing and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/05\/23\/politics\/trump-budget-cuts-programs\/\">eliminate after-school programs<\/a> serving the poorest members of our society. In addition, it would add to the House-approved health care bill\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childrenshospitals.org\/Newsroom\/Press-Releases\/2017\/CBO-Score-Confirms-%24834-Billion-AHCA-Cut-to-Medicaid\">$834 billion in Medicaid cuts<\/a> by taking another <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/beyond-the-cbo-score-how-trump-budget-and-the-ahca-are-dismantling-americas-safety-net-78308\">$610 billion from the program<\/a> over a decade, further reducing health insurance coverage for low-income and disabled Americans.<\/p>\n<p>In short, the Trump budget conveys skepticism about the idea of even having a safety net.<\/p>\n<h2>Mulvaney\u2019s standard<\/h2>\n<p>Self-sufficiency is certainly an appropriate way to measure the success for some social programs, such as job-training initiatives \u2013 which Trump\u2019s budget request would <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/05\/24\/news\/economy\/trump-budget-job-training-programs\/\">slash by 40 percent<\/a> despite the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2017\/03\/17\/remarks-president-trump-roundtable-discussion-vocational-training-us-and\">president\u2019s own explicit support<\/a> for vocational training. But does Mulvaney\u2019s view that a declining number of beneficiaries should be the primary indicator of success for every program designed to meet basic human needs make sense? <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/172275\/width754\/file-20170605-16877-149w8uh.jpg\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Safety net programs have been jeopardized before. In 2011, protesters gathered in Illinois to object to budget cuts.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/peoplesworld\/5495785210\/in\/photolist-zEWpG3-zEWPsE-AkndUj-zEWqLY-AkmbP9-AALr4A-AALbEL-AALgSE-AzEicL-ACXy7P-zF4Tda-AknkRW-zEW8Dm-AzFeSh-zEVNdh-zEVM5q-AkmhzN-Aknjrb-zEWooG-ABY8r4-Akncz5-zF4L76-AzEpBQ-zEWjab-zEWMPu-zF5QZk-zF5V9x-AzEotY-9nAiQe-8XFzoX-9nDkzN-9nDkJU-9nAiZK-9nApnX-9nAiJF-9nDksA-9nAiCT-9nDkAG-9nDkSL-9nDkC9-9nAiKr-9nAiUp-9nDkxA-9nDkP1-9nDkHj-9nDkrQ-9nDkv5-9nAiAZ-KvDhU3-9nDktq\">peoplesworld\/flickr<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Here are the kinds of people the proposed safety net cuts would affect: severely disabled parents who can\u2019t afford food for their toddlers. An elderly couple who can\u2019t foot their heating bill in the winter. A single mom working two jobs and nevertheless struggling to feed her three children with what she earns. It makes little sense for the government to deny assistance to these people because they can\u2019t get a job or because they have a job but don\u2019t earn enough to make ends meet. <\/p>\n<p>The Agriculture Department, which oversees food stamps, <a href=\"https:\/\/fns-prod.azureedge.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2015.pdf\">says that 75 percent<\/a> of the Americans receiving those benefits in 2015 were children, elderly or disabled. Further, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/able-bodied-adults-without-dependents-abawds#1\">it reports<\/a> that among households that included someone able to work, more than 75 percent included someone who had held a job in the year before or after receiving food stamps. <a href=\"https:\/\/fns-prod.azureedge.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2015.pdf\">Many others<\/a> worked for low wages while receiving benefits. LIHEAP serves a similar population.<\/p>\n<p>Leaving aside the question of why so many low-income workers <a href=\"http:\/\/www.epi.org\/publication\/minimum-wage-workers-poverty-anymore-raising\/\">don\u2019t earn enough money to feed their families<\/a>, what would it mean for children, the elderly and the disabled to be more, as Mulvaney puts it, \u201cin charge of their lives\u201d? Doesn\u2019t our society want to spend money ensuring the very neediest and most vulnerable people don\u2019t starve or freeze to death? <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/78325\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>As researchers, we embrace evidence-based decision-making. We are confused by Mulvaney\u2019s metric of success. We want to know why, if experts have deemed these popular programs a success, the Trump administration doesn\u2019t seem to agree.<\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/david-campbell-357696\">David Campbell<\/a>, Associate Professor of Public Administration, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/binghamton-university-state-university-of-new-york-2252\">Binghamton University, State University of New York<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/kristina-lambright-360945\">Kristina Lambright<\/a>, Associate Dean of the College of Community and Public Affairs, and an Associate Professor of Public Administration, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/binghamton-university-state-university-of-new-york-2252\">Binghamton University, State University of New York<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/trumps-push-for-self-sufficiency-misses-the-point-of-safety-net-programs-78325\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>David Campbell, Binghamton University, State University of New York and Kristina Lambright, Binghamton University, State University of New York Here\u2019s how Office of Management and Budget Director Mick Mulvaney has tried to justify the Trump administration\u2019s bid to cut or scrap many safety net programs: \u201cWe are no longer going to measure compassion by the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":9313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5,277],"tags":[2012,1097,803,2240,2485,1602],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9311"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9311"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9314,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9311\/revisions\/9314"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}