{"id":9707,"date":"2017-08-04T02:43:59","date_gmt":"2017-08-04T02:43:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/?p=9707"},"modified":"2017-08-05T02:47:46","modified_gmt":"2017-08-05T02:47:46","slug":"how-greece-could-escape-debtors-prison-if-europe-opens-the-door","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/how-greece-could-escape-debtors-prison-if-europe-opens-the-door\/","title":{"rendered":"How Greece could escape debtors&#8217; prison \u2013 if Europe opens the door"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/c-randall-henning-393040\">C. Randall Henning<\/a>, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/american-university-school-of-international-service-2886\">American University School of International Service<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Greece has acted out a European tragedy for more than seven years. But some signs suggest Greece may finally, in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/24\/business\/dealbook\/greece-debt-bonds.html\">words of its economy minister<\/a>, be on the way to becoming a \u201cnormal country\u201d again. <\/p>\n<p>Greece\u2019s creditors <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jun\/16\/creditors-agree-terms-to-disburse-greeces-85bn-bailout-funds\">have disbursed<\/a> another chunk of funds as part of Greece\u2019s current, \u20ac86 billion (US$100 billion) bailout, and the country recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omfif.org\/analysis\/commentary\/2017\/july\/greek-bond-issue-is-mixed-blessing\/\">tested the bond markets<\/a> for the first time in three years, planning to borrow more from private investors soon. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/24\/business\/dealbook\/greece-debt-bonds.html\">Some now believe<\/a> Greece may soon follow fellow bailed-out countries <a href=\"http:\/\/business.financialpost.com\/investing\/global-investor\/how-ireland-pulled-off-an-economic-miracle-that-rivals-china-india\/wcm\/33bcb34c-35df-4817-954f-1e887fb24c0b\">Ireland<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/ea7f2a22-4219-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58\">Portugal<\/a> in their revivals. <\/p>\n<p>But despite the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tornosnews.gr\/en\/greek-news\/politics\/26354-french-ambassador-in-athens-chantepy-optimism-returns-to-greece.html\">wave of optimism<\/a>, Greece\u2019s staggering amount of debt looms menacingly over the country\u2019s economy and future. And the International Monetary Fund (IMF), while endorsing Athens\u2019 reform program, is urging its fellow creditors to offer Greece much <a href=\"http:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2017\/07\/20\/pr17294-greece-imf-executive-board-approves-in-principle-stand-by-arrangement\">greater debt relief<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>In my recent book, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/tangled-governance-9780198801801?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\">Tangled Governance<\/a>,\u201d I examined the financial rescue programs for euro area countries, including three for Greece, and the conflicts over them. My own research supports the view that Greece needs to finally be released from debtors\u2019 prison but for political reasons more than the financial arithmetic at the core of the institutions\u2019 debt analyses. <\/p>\n<p>And there\u2019s a way to do that which makes the pain bearable for everyone and opens a path back to normalcy.  <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/180921\/width754\/file-20170803-17911-1n1ys8u.jpg\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Protesting hospital staff sit in front of a wall they built in front of the Greek Finance Ministry with a banner depicting their leaders wearing ties that read \u2018Ministry of broken promises\u2019 and \u2018We drown in debt and bailouts.\u2019<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">AP Photo\/Petros Giannakouris<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A great depression<\/h2>\n<p>Over the last seven years, we have witnessed many 11th-hour crisis meetings and last-minute rescues that, after much brinkmanship and grinding of teeth, each time seemed to narrowly avert the Greece\u2019s ejection from the euro area. <\/p>\n<p>You\u2019d be forgiven for becoming numb to the continual travails of a modestly sized country in the southeastern corner of Europe. That would be a mistake: Greece\u2019s tenuous position in the euro area weakens long-term confidence in European integration. Moreover, as a key NATO ally, located in a strategic corner of a volatile region, its economic and political stability are essential to European security.   <\/p>\n<p>To stabilize its finances and avoid expulsion from the euro area, Greece <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/compliance_report-to_ewg_2017_06_21.pdf\">has undertaken a wrenching series<\/a> of government layoffs, budget and pension cuts, and tax reforms, among other measures, at the insistence of the IMF, European Commission (EC) and European Central Bank, which together make up the so-called troika of public lenders to the beleaguered country. <\/p>\n<p>So far, the troika has lent Greece about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esm.europa.eu\/assistance\/greece\">\u20ac265 billion<\/a> in three separate bailouts, with the latest one set to expire next summer.  Separately, Greece managed to restructure its private sector debt in 2012, reducing the amount it owed investors by about 53 percent.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"HX76u\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/HX76u\/3\/\" height=\"400px\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>Despite all this, Greece still owes a total of about \u20ac320 billion in debt, and its economy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2015\/07\/09\/business\/international\/is-greece-worse-off-than-the-us-during-the-great-depression.html?_r=0\">has suffered the equivalent<\/a> of the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s, having shrunk by a fourth. Unemployment is running at nearly 25 percent, and youth poverty, which soared during the crisis, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/eco\/surveys\/economic-survey-greece.htm\">remains near 36 percent<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But now that the latest disbursement of funds has been agreed to, does that mean the worst is behind Greece?<\/p>\n<h2>Moment of truth<\/h2>\n<p>Sadly, no one should be confident that Greece\u2019s recovery will become self-sustaining. It is particularly vulnerable to another European recession, whenever that might come. And with the end of the current bailout on the horizon, its creditors are sharply divided about what to do next. <\/p>\n<p>For the moment, they\u2019re waiting for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-germany-election-pollsters-idUSKBN1AH4DP\">Germany\u2019s national elections<\/a> in September to come and go so that domestic politics don\u2019t get in the way. Debt relief before then could have been costly at the polls for the governing coalition. But once talks resume this fall, they are certain to be contentious. <\/p>\n<p>The euro members, which have put up the lion\u2019s share of the loans so far, remain deeply reluctant to offer Greece more than minimal debt relief. The IMF, on the other hand, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2017\/02\/07\/Greece-2017-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-44630\">has argued forcefully<\/a> that Greece\u2019s debt won\u2019t become sustainable without substantial relief. It suggests doing that by keeping interest rates at today\u2019s lows, extending grace periods and allowing Greece to defer paying back its loans until decades past the current due date of 2060. <\/p>\n<p>Part of the problem is that the European creditors <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/compliance_report-to_ewg_2017_06_21.pdf\">are holding onto a rather rosy scenario<\/a> of how much Greece\u2019s economy can be expected to grow beyond the near-term recovery and thus generate enough tax revenue to pay off its debt in the long term. The European Commission expects Greece to grow 1.5 percent every year, on average, until 2030 and 1.25 percent thereafter.<\/p>\n<p>The IMF, on the other hand, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2017\/07\/20\/Greece-Request-for-Stand-By-Arrangement-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-45110\">projects growth<\/a> of just 1 percent a year beginning in 2022.  <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"TpxGY\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/TpxGY\/4\/\" height=\"400px\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>While the difference may seem small, the cumulative effect on Greece\u2019s ability to pay back its debt is decisive. The larger the economy, the smaller the relative size of the debt and interest payments, and the easier it will be to run budget surpluses to repay debt. If the EC is wrong, Greece will have a very hard time meeting its debt payments in two or three decades without major relief.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, however, the ability and willingness of Greece to service its debt rests on political considerations, not economic ones, just as does the question of debt relief. <\/p>\n<p>It looks like European creditors want to use the debt burden to keep Greece on a very short leash to prevent backsliding on economic reforms, albeit ones that are essential for the country to get back on its feet.  <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/180927\/width754\/file-20170803-17289-i8s0no.jpg\"><figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Retirees wait for a bank branch to open to receive their monthly pension payments.<\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">AP Photo\/Thanassis Stavrakis<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A way out of the impasse<\/h2>\n<p>As a long-term strategy, however, using debt as leverage over reform is doomed and will prevent Greece from a full recovery. There are two principal reasons for this: <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Private investors will tend to avoid committing to projects in Greece as long as its debt remains so high that periodic renegotiation is likely.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>More importantly, European decision-making throughout the euro crisis <a href=\"http:\/\/bruegel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Henning-Presentation-FINAL.pdf\">amply demonstrates<\/a> that Greece\u2019s creditors are hamstrung by their own domestic politics. That prevents them from pursuing the optimal course of action, even when the admittedly formidable political barriers in Greece have been overcome, and has contributed to many delays.  <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>A way out of this impasse, however, is to make the size of Greece\u2019s debt payments <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Key-Issues\/state-contingent-debt-instruments\">contingent on growth outcomes<\/a>. If Greece rebounds quickly and maintains high growth, debt relief can remain relatively modest. If Greece grows more slowly, as the IMF and others predict, then payments on the debt can be reduced and deferred automatically \u2013 without requiring creditors to come together and overcome domestic political hurdles every time.<\/p>\n<p>Eurozone finance ministers <a href=\"http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2017\/06\/15-eurogroup-statement-greece\/?utm_source=dsms-auto&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Eurogroup+statement+on+Greece\">recently floated<\/a> this as a possibility for Greece. Given the political constraints of the key players, as my analysis of the crisis suggests, it\u2019s the best way forward, and proponents should fight for its robust adoption so that Greece\u2019s debt payments are significantly reduced if growth proves to be weak.  <\/p>\n<p>If Greece\u2019s European creditors truly believe that their neighbor\u2019s prospects are as rosy as they say \u2013 rather than a ploy to avoid granting relief now \u2013 then they should have little problem signing on to the new mechanism. <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/80658\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>This will also give investors confidence that Greece in fact is returning to \u201cnormal\u201d and they can commit to projects in the country. Finally, this will align the interests of everyone with those of the long-suffering Greek people.<\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/c-randall-henning-393040\">C. Randall Henning<\/a>, Professor of International Economic Relations, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/american-university-school-of-international-service-2886\">American University School of International Service<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-greece-could-escape-debtors-prison-if-europe-opens-the-door-80658\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C. Randall Henning, American University School of International Service Greece has acted out a European tragedy for more than seven years. But some signs suggest Greece may finally, in the words of its economy minister, be on the way to becoming a \u201cnormal country\u201d again. Greece\u2019s creditors have disbursed another chunk of funds as part [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":9708,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5,277],"tags":[353,2889,349,355,622,2891,226,2892,2888,2890],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9707"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9709,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707\/revisions\/9709"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifeandnews.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}